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Clay tablet, late Uruk period, 3300-3100 BCE. Proto-cuneiform signs, food issue list " rations" written by combining a human head and a bowl. Purchased via Christie's in 1989, with contribution from the British Museum Friends
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet, late Uruk period, 3300-3100 BCE. Proto-cuneiform signs, food issue list " rations" written by combining a human head and a bowl (the triangular object is the regular symbol for bread). In
EconomyDaily Life
CDLI Lexical 000002, ex. 188
1(N01) , NAM-ESZDA 1(N01) , NAM2 KAB[?] 1(N01) , NAM2 DI 1(N01) , NAM2 NAM2 1(N01) , NAM2 URU[?] 1(N01) , PA~a ŠE~a NAM2 1(N01) , NAM2 RAD~a 1(N01) , AB~a ME~a[?] 1(N01) , GAL~a X 1(N01)[?] , EN[?] [...] 1(N01)[?] , X [...] 1(N01)[?] , X [...] 1(N01)[?] , [...] 1(N01)[?] , [...] [N] 1(N14) , EN~a 2(N57) [E2 ...]
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life
CDLI Lexical 000002, ex. 191
[...] |1(N58).BAD~a| EN, IB [...] Linen-cloth(?) SUKKAL (vizier) Great one, GARA2 Garment, GARA2 [...] Great one of the throne-base Great one of |ZATU737xDI| SANGA-priest of |ZATU737xX| SANGA-priest of |ZATU737xX| [ZATU725(?)] [DAM(?)] (spouse/wife?)
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life
CDLI Lexical 000003, ex. 034
1 unit — NAM2[...] 1 unit — GAL~a (great/large) SZAH2~a 1 unit — NAM2 APIN~a (plow [official]) 1 unit — GAL~a [...] 1 unit — GAL~a SZAB~a 1 unit — PA~a NAM2 [...] 1 unit — AB~a [...] 1 unit — GAL~a [...]
Writing & LiteratureDaily LifeCT 50, 009
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — CT 50, 009. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Daily Life
MSCT 1, 160, MS 3047
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC) ?) — MSCT 1, 160, MS 3047. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Daily LifeA-Ane-pada 3
(1) For Ninhursaĝa: Aya-Ane-pada, king of Urim, child of Meš-Ane-pada, king of Urim, built a temple for Ninhursaĝa.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAbzu-kidu 1
(1) To Inana, A-kalam, spouse of Abzu-kidug, ruler of Nibru, dedicated this (bowl).
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnam 1
(1) For Inana, the great lady of the E-ana, his lady, Anam, the true shepherd of Unug, the favourite of An and Inana, the beloved child of Inana, built the outer courtyard of the en-priest’s E-ĝipar, the dwelling that fills her heart with joy.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnam 3
(1) For An, the king of the gods, his master, for Inana, the great lady of the E-ana, his lady, when he renovated and restored their old temple, Anam, the true shepherd of Unug, the beloved child of Inana, installed a door anointed with oil.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnonymous Lagaš 26 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 26)
(i 1') ..., whose name was proclaimed by Enlil, chosen by Nanše in the heart, who makes the foreign lands submit to Ninĝirsu, ..., (when Ninĝirsu) placed all lands in his hand, and placed the rebellious lands at his feet, ....
Religion & Myth
Anonymous Nippur 08 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 08)
Dedicates a vessel to the goddess Ninlil on behalf of a named field surveyor's family — attesting private votive practice by a mid-level administrative official at Nippur during the Early Dynastic III period.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnonymous Nippur 32 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 32)
(1) To Inana, Barag-ene, the spouse of Mašda, (and) Amar-ezida dedicated this (stone plate).
Religion & MythWriting & Literature
Anonymous Nippur 38 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 38)
Dedicatory inscription naming Munus-šume, child of Ur-šubur, as donor of a vessel to Inana — one of the few Early Dynastic records attesting private dedicants by personal and patronymic name at Nippur.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnonymous Nippur 42 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 42)
(1) To Inana, Ama-azu, spouse of Lugal-urin, the scribe, dedicated this (bowl).
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnonymous Nippur 44 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 44)
(1) Lugal-urin dedicated this (vessel) to Inana.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureAnonymous Nippur 47 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 47)
(1) To Inana, Sumu, spouse of Enlil's temple administrator, dedicated this.
Religion & MythWriting & LiteratureArad-Dumuzida 1
(1) To Inana, lady of the E-ana, his lady, Arad-Dumuzida, temple administrator of Inana, dedicated this (bowl) for his life.
Religion & MythWriting & Literature
Disk of Enheduanna
The literary tradition is no longer anonymous from this point. Authorship — the idea that a specific human voice composes a specific work — enters the historical record with her.
Religion & MythWriting & Literature
Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a roving band of stateless people, ba
Daily Life
Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. It records a
Religion & MythCT 50, 049
566 sheep, 303 female goats — confirmed on the broad tablet. 135 sheep, 12 lambs: these are sheep of the slaughter-rotation. Sheep at pasture. Year: the expedition-yoke at the drinking-hall was established.
Daily LifeCT 50, 098
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 098. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Daily LifeCT 50, 129
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 129. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Daily LifeCT 50, 161
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 161. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 009
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 009. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 018
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 018. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 028
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 028. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 059
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 059. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 086
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 086. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 094
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 094. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 124
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 124. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 183
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 183. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 349
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 349. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 359
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 359. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 374
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 374. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 465
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 465. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 618
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 618. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 697
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 697. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 714
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 714. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 741
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 741. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 813
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 813. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 861
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 861. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 915
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 915. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 1, 950
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 1, 950. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life
AUCT 2, 039
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 2, 039. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Daily Life