Position in chronology
Syracuse 013
Translation — curated editorial
EditorialEditorial entry — translation cited from: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P130564.
Transliteration
1(bur3) 2(esze3) GAN2 tug2-gurx(|SZE.KIN|) tug2-gur8 1/2(iku) 1/4(iku) GAN2-ta gesz-ur3-ra# [a-ra2 x] 1(esze3) GAN2-[ta] 1(u) 1(disz) x-[...] gesz-ur3-[...] a-sza3 nin-ur4-ra a-sza3 an-ne2 ga2-ra# ugula gu2-tar kiszib3 a-kal-la mu en eridu ba-hul a-kal-la dub-sar dumu lugal-e2-mah-e
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — Syracuse 013. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Syracuse University Library, Syracuse, New York, USA (P130564) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P130564..
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.