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A curated narrative reconstruction of humanity's first great civilization, sourced from the tablets themselves. Open scholarship, beautifully accessible.

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Page 24 / 1460

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 345

(Obverse, fragmentary proto-Elamite account) [...] M009 M318 M371 M321 : 1 [...] [...] M371 M376 : 5 M509 x [...] : [...] [...] : 2 x [...] : [...] [...] M376 : 2 M099 M136(?) [...] : [...] x x x : [...] (The signs M009, M318, M371, M321, M376, M509, M099, M136 are undeciphered proto-Elamite signs; only the numerals — 1, 5, 2, 2 — can be read with meaning. The rest of the tablet is broken.)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 349

Obverse (fragmentary) [...] (unread sign) M388 M066~a M087 [...] : [number lost] [...] : 1 M259 M150 [...] : [number lost] M320 M388 M346(?) : [number lost] [...] : 9 M346 : [number lost] (Remainder of tablet broken)

Economy

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 353

Obverse (proto-Elamite account): (1) [Sign M111] [sign M036 + 1 N30D] — 3 (N14) (2) [Sign M001] [...] — [...] (3) [Sign M264] — 1 (N14) 3 (N01) (4) [Sign M263] — 3 (N01) (5) [illegible sign] — [...] (6) [...] — 3 (N14) (7) [sign M036 + 1 N30D] — [...] (8) [...] — 1 (N30C)(?) [n] Reverse (total): 3 (N1@b) 1 (N24@b)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 359

Obverse [...] , [...] M305 M388 [...] , [...] [...] , 3 (N39B) M297 M218 M329 [...] , [...] [...] [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 (N30C) 1 (N30D) [...] , n (number lost)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 368

Obverse (fragment; eleven partial lines) [...] : 1 [...] M110 : 1 M370 : 2 M072 : [...] M387 M009 M371 : 1 M370 : 1 M066(?) M001(?) M376(?) : [...] [sign lost] : 1 M370(?) : 1 M145~a M377 [sign] M371 : [...] [...] : 3(?) (Remainder of the tablet broken; reverse uninscribed as far as the photo shows.)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 377

Obverse: ... [...] , [...] [...] (sign M003~b) (sign M329) , 2(N14) [= 20 units] [...] , 5(N01) [= 5 units] (sign M203~c) , 1(N14) [= 10 units] [...] , 3(N01) [= 3 units] (sign M005~a) [...] , [...] [...] , 2(N45) 1(N14) [...] [= 2 large units, 10 units ...] [...] 3(N01) [= 3 units] Reverse: 1(N34) [= 1 unit of the large N34 order — a total]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 381

Obverse [...] : 3 (N14@b) units M263~1 ... [...] : [...] [...] : 3 (N14) units M153 M068~a [...] : [...] M288 : 1 (N45) 4 (N14) 2 (N01)# [...] [...] : 1 (N14) 3 (N01) 1 (N39B) 1 (N14@b) 1 (N01@b)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 383

Obverse (fragmentary): [...] , [...] 2 (N01) [...] , [...] 1 (N30C)? 1 (N30D) M438 M209~a , 1 (N14) 1 (N01) [...] [sign lost] , 2 (N01) M059 , 1 (N39B) [sign lost] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 (N24) 1 (N30C) [sign lost] [...] , [...] (Reverse: uninscribed apart from museum number.)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 387

Obverse: (line 1) [Heading sign:] |M327+M342| (compound sign, no numeral) (line 2) x, M388, M057 [...] — [numeral lost] (line 3) [...] M218 — 1 (unit) (line 4) |M131+M388| [...] M032 [...] — [numeral lost] (line 5) [...] M218(?), M259, M386~a, |M131+M388|, M263 [...] — [numeral lost] (line 6) [...] M099, M371 — 1 (unit) (line 7) M386~a, M240, M096 [...] — [numeral lost] (Reverse: uninscribed / no legible signs)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 405

[...] : 5 [sign illegible] : [...] M376 : 1 (N08A, a fractional/small unit) M327+M059(d)? : [...] M009 : 1 M376? : 1 (N08A) [...] : 1 [sign illegible] : [number lost] M346 : 1

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 408

[...] x M218 M297, 1(N39B) M048~k [...], [...] [...] M387~ca M318~a1 [...], [...] [...] x M387~o M009 M298# [...], [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 413

M365 , M056 , 4(N34)# [...] [...] , 3(N01) 1(N08A) M193~g , 1(N01)# [...] M188~g , 5(N01) M059 , [...] M324~e , 4(N14)# [...] , 2(N14) [...] , 6(N34)#

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 418

M157~a [heading/rubric — function unknown] M384~e M054 , 1 (unit N01) M297 , 1 (unit N39B) [...] [...] , 2 (units N14) M001 , 1 (unit N01) M297 , 2 (units N39B) M122 M054 [...] , [...] [...] x , 1 (unit N30D) 1 (unit N14) 1 (unit N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 419

[Heading/rubric: M157] [M124] [M288] — 2 [M175+M286] — 2 [M265] — 2 [M081] — 2 [M001] — 4 [M134~b] — 2 [M041] — 2 [M317~a] — 1 [M005~a?] — 2 [M111~o] — 2 [M316~f] — 2 [M385~f] — 4 Total: 4(N14@c) 3(N01@c)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 420

[Category/heading sign |M153+M342|?], M292~d, M288 — 1(N01) [Commodity sign x] — 1(N01) [Commodity sign x] [...] — [...] [...] M219, M387, M240, M096 — 1(N01) M217 — 1(N01), 1(N39B) [...] M036 — 1(N39B), 1(N30C) [...] — 4(N39B), 1(N30C) [Total:] 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 428

Line 1: [Sign M351~m] Line 2: [M377] [M377] [M388] [M125?] [M102~k2?] [M096?] [...] , [...] Line 3: [...] , 1(N14) 1(N01) Line 4: [M384~d1] [M124] [M251~c3] [M218~b?] [M001?] , [...] Line 5: [M356] [M387] [M218] , 1(N01) 2(N39B) Line 6: [x] , [...] Line 7: [...] [M263] [M281~d?] [x] , 1(N01) Line 8: [...] , [...] 1(N01) 2(N39B)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 433

M157 [heading/rubric] [M195+M038~a] M301(?) M056~f M206~d1(?) x [...] x M066(?) M024(?) M001 x M387 M218 , 3(N01) M195~d x [...] , [...] [...] |M377+M320+M377|(?) , 2(N14) 4(N01) M097~h(?) M066(?) x [...] , [...] M388 M037 M102~k1 M218~b M066 , 3(N14) x [...] , 5(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 436

[...] M388 M122 M242~ab M096 M388 M218 M044~c [...] , [...] [...] M388 M099 x x x M036[?] x , 1(N01) [...] M057~b M218 M386~a M259[?] M102~k[?] M371 , 1(N01) M295[?] M223 M377~e[...] , [...] [...] x |M131+M388| , 1(N01) M001 M218 , 1(N01) M032 M371 , 1(N01) M377~e x [...] , [...] [...] x M218 , 1(N01) M122 M242~ab M387 x x , 2(N01) x , [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 438

[...], 2(N39B) M096 M099 [...], [...] [...] x M218, 1(N01) M240 M329 [...], [...] [...] x M057, 2(N39B) 1(N24) [...] x M066, 1(N39B) M146 M066 M096 [...], [...] [...] M387~ef M066, 2(N39B) 1(N24) M004, [...] M243, 2(N01) [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 442

[M387 M069~a , 1(N01)] M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) [M387 M069~a] , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) M387 M069~a , 1(N01) [...] , 2(N01) M038~a [...] , [...] [...] M112~e , 3(N39B) [...] , [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 445

[...] , 1(N14) [M009] [M259] x , 1(N14)# [...] [...] , 2(N14) [M347] [M377~e] [M218] , 6(N01)# [...] [M057~b] [M032]? [M066] , 1(N14) 6(N01) [M054] [...] , [...] [...] x x [M240] , 1(N14) 4(N01) [M387] [M262] [...] , [...] [...] , 1(N14) [...] x [M304]? , 8(N01) [M001] [M388] [...] , [...] [...] [M096]# , 6(N01) [...] , [...] 2(N14)#

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 446

M325~d [document heading/rubric sign] M388 × M057~b, M387, M218 — 2 [units] [...] M388(?), M347, M371 — 1 [unit] M066 × M218 — 1 [unit] [x x] — [...] M242~n, M386~a, M240~e(?), M096 — 1 [unit] [...] — 2 [units] M291, M371

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 449

Line 1: [M288~f] — 1(N34) 4(N14)# [...] Line 2: [...] — [...] 1(N30C@b)# 1(N30D@b)# Line 3: [M157~a] — 1(N14)# [...] Line 4: [...] — [...] 1(N24) 1(N30C) 1(N30D)#

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 450

[...] x x , [...] [...] , 2(N01) [M371] [M218] [M220] [M131+M388] [M263] , 2(N01) x [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01) [M131+M388] [M218] , 1(N14)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 451

[...] , x , 1(N01) M288 , 2(N14) 3(N01) M050~f , 2(N01) [...] , 3(N01) M217~f M124# , [...] [...] , 3(N39B)# M288 , 8(N14) [...] , 1(N14)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 453

M327 [header/classifier?] , M009 , 3(N14) M309~d , 4(N01)# [...] [...] , 1(N01) 5(N08A) [x] , 1(N14) 1(N01) [x] , 1(N14) 3(N01) [x] , 1(N01)# [...] [...] , 8(N01) [x] , 8(N01) M452 , 2(N14) 1(N01)# [...] [...] , 2(N14) 4(N01) M123~d , 1(N48) 3(N34)# [...] [x] , 2(N01)# [x] , 2(N01)#

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 455

[...] , 3(N34)[?] M123~ca[?] , 3(N14) M039~a[?] , 1(N45) [...] , 2(N01)[?] M032 , 1(N14) M506 , 3(N01) M296 , 2(N14) M375 , 6(N01) M269~a1[?] , 1(N01) [sign uncertain] , [...] [...] , 1(N01) M069~b , 1(N01) M123~ca , 2(N34) M255~b , 2(N34) M039~a , 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 456

[...], [...], 1(N01) [M206~g?], 1(N14)# [...], 1(N01) M352~a, 1(N14) M297~b M030~a x [...], [...] [...] x, 4(N01) M453, 1(N14) |M351+1(N14)|, [...] [...], 2(N14) 1(N01) M449~b, 1(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 458

[...] , 7 [M346~1] , 1×60 + 2×10 (= 80) [x] , 1 [M101] , 1×10 + 2 (= 12) [M009] , 2×10 [+ ...] [...] , 1×3600 + 4×10 + 4 (= 3,644) [...] [...] , 3 [M054?] , [...] [...] , 3

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 463

[...] M203~e M346~b , 2 M377 M298 M001[?] [...] , [...] [...] M377[?] M099 M390 M218 M346~b , 2 M348 [...] , [...] [...] , 1 M206~d M346~b , 1 [...] , 1 M254~a M295~b[?] [...] , [...] M346~b , 15 x , [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 465

[...] M388 M032 x M096 M288[?], [...] [...] M288, 1(N14) M032 M128~da M096 M288, 1(N14) [...] [...] x M288[?], 1(N14) M103~3 M032 x [...], [...] [...], 8(N14) 5(N01)[?]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 466

[...] , 1(N14) 7(N01) |M136+M195~d|# , 1(N14)# [...] , 6(N01) M383~c , 1(N14) 5(N01) M054~b , 1(N14) [...] , 2(N01) M365 , 3(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 467

|M175+M153| , M124 M243~aa [...] , [...] [...] M301~g , 1(N01@b) M243~aa , 1(N39B@b) [...] [...] , [...] 3(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 17, 468

[...] , 1 M124 M386~a M263 M048? M096 M288 , 1 [...] M049~d M240~e M038~i M096 M288 , 3 [...] M384~d M001 M288 , 1 (large unit) M251~c M009 M371 M288 , 1 (large unit) [...] M288 , [...] [...] , 2 (large units) 6 (medium units) M391 , [...] [...] , 2 M004 M263~1 [...] , [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0216

[...] [M218], [...] [M296], 9(N01) [M024~1] [M262] [...], [...] [...], 2(N01) |M153+M342|, 1(N14) |M305+X|, 2(N14) [...], 6(N01)[?] [M387] × [M371][?], 1(N01) [...], 2(N01)[?] [M386~a] × [M057~a2], 1(N14) |M153+M342|, 5(N01) |M305+M342|[?], [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0249

[...] [...] M110 M250~ba M218 , 3(N39B) [...] M218 , 2(N39B) M068~c |M296+M296| M066 [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N39B) M254~a M301 |M296+M296| M057 , [...] [...] M352~n M218 |M106+M288| M066 , 2(N39B) [...] , [...] 1(N39B) M318~a M066 M320 M390 M285~c [...] , [...] M063~d M001~b , 1(N14) 4(N39B)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0259

[...] , 2(N14) 1(N39B) M304[?] M002[?] , 2(N14) [x] , [...] [x] , 2(N01) M049~m M372 M010[?] , 2(N01) M230 M009 M314 M377~e M218[?] , 2(N01) [...] [x] M057 |M305+M136| M056~f M288 , 2(N14) M057[?] [x] , 3(N14) [x] , [...] [...] [x] |M218+M101|[?] M371 , 1(N14) 3(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0284

[...] , 1(N01) 3(N39B)[?] [x] , 1(N01) [x] , 2(N01) M380 |M218+M288| [...] [x] , 1(N01) [...] [...] M288[?] , 2(N01) |M218+M288| M004 M218 , 2(N01) [x] [...] , [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0298

[Sign cluster: M377?, M263, M380~b?, M371, M003~b], [...] [...] M376?, 3(N01) [...] [sign?], [...] [...], 7(N01) M003~b, M388: 2(N14) 4(N01) M054? [...], [...] M003~b, M054 [...]: [...] 2(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 0340

[...] M377 M010~1 M288 , 2(N45) [...] [...] M324~a M288 , 1(N14) 3(N01) [x] M288 , [...] [...] M288 , 1(N01) 3(N39B) 2(N30C) 1(N30D) [...] , [...] 6(N14) [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4754

[Heading/rubric: M157~a] [Category sign M038~e + M141 + M264~a(?)] , 1(N01) [M261~d(?)] , 1(N01) [M036 + 1(N24)] , 2(N01) 2(N1@b) [M036 + 1(N30D)] , 6(N01) [M323~i(?) + x + ...] , [...] [M297] , 3(N39B) [M038~a + M080~b + M387 + M009(?) + M263~a(?)] , 2(N01) [... + M388(?) + M305(?) + M066(?) + M338~b(?) + x] , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N39B) 1(N39C) 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4755

[Heading/rubric: M157] [Commodity M144 + classifier M388]: 7 (units, small measure) [Commodity |M288+1(N39B)|]: 1 (large unit) 2 (small units) [...] [M288]: 3 (small units) [Commodity M382~f]: 3 (large units) [M288]: 1 (small unit) [...] [M288]: 1 (large unit) 4 (small units) [Commodity M305 M305 + classifier M001]: 1 (large unit) [...] [M288]: 1 (small unit) [Commodity M209~d + classifier M001]: 1 (large unit) [M288]: 1 (large unit) [...] [Commodity M249~c]: 2 (small units) [...]: [...] 2 (large units) 2 (small units) [Grand total:] 1 (N34 unit)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4756

M157~a [heading/rubric — document type or institutional marker, meaning unknown] M041~d(?) M319 M124 x |M218+M288| M066 |M029~l+1(N08A)| , [...] [x] M386~a M242~b(?) M066 , 1(N39B) M259 M260~1 M096 , 1(N39B) M124(?) M371 [...] , [...] [x] , 1(N39B) [x] M230(?) [...] , 1(N39B) [x] [x] , 1(N39B) |M029~l+1(N08A)| M297 , 1(N01) 4(N39B) |M305+M342| [total line or closing sign]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4758

[Heading/rubric sign: |M327+X|] M157 |M175+M288| M124~c M259 M318 M371 M297[?] , 1(N01) [x] M281 M124 M259[?] M101 [x] M297[?] , 1(N01) M193 [x] M226~c M218 [x] M219[?] M029~a M242~d M096 M243~ee , 1(N08A) |M131+M388| M024~1[?] M281 M096 M243~ee , 1(N08A) M024~a1 M281[?] M096[?] M297[?] , 1(N08A) [...] , 3(N01) M243~ee[?] , 1(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4760

[ x x M288 ], 7(N14) [...] M288, 1(N45) 4(N14) 5(N01) M010~3, 1(N14) [...] [...], 1(N01)[?] M005~a[?] |M305+X|, 8(N14) M288, 1(N34) 1(N14) 1(N01)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4761

[Heading/rubric: M157~a] [Commodity A]: M402 M111~a M388 M146 [...] , [...] [...] M314 M297 |M036+1(N30D)| , 2(N01) [Commodity B]: M107~a#? M388 x [...] , [...] [...] M057 |M260~1+1(N24)| , 1(N01) M036# , 2(N01) [...] x x M101# M066# M260~1# , 1(N01)# [...] , 1(N39B) 1(N24) [Total/subtotal:] 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4762

M157 [heading/rubric sign] [...] M054(?), 3(N01) M001, 1(N01) [x], 1(N39B) M354, 1(N14) M340 M054(?), [...] [...], 2(N01) M354, 2(N01) M387~l M001, 1(N01) [x] [...], [...] M297~b, 1(N39B) M354, [...] M387 [x] M354, 2(N01) M341(?), [...] 1(N34)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4765

[...] [M482], 3 (large units) [M103] [M277~g] |M136+M365| [...], [...] [...] [M388] |M036+1(N30D)|, 2 (large units) [M482], 1 (large unit) [M131~k] [M136~g] [...], [...] [...], [...] n (small units) [M482], 1 (large unit) [M302~b] |M136+M365| |M036+1(N30D)|, 1 (large unit) [M388] [...], [...] |M036+1(N30D)|, 1 (medium unit) + 3 (large units) + 1 (small unit) [M482?], 1 (medium unit) [M297~b], 2 (N39B units) + 1 (N24 sub-unit)

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4767

[...] M038~e M288, 1(N39B) [...] M297[?], 1(N39B) M305 M388 M146 M128[?] M096 M387~a M011[?] x, [2(N01)?] [...] x, 1(N24) M218 M243~h[?], 1(N39B) M297, [...] [...], 1(N01) M297, 1(N24) x, [...]

~3000 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MDP 26S, 4768

[Heading/rubric: M157~a] M387~i M387~i [+] M054 , 5(N01) [...] , 5(N01) |M305+M136~c| M354 , 1(N14)[?] [...] [...] , [...] 1(N30C) 1(N30D) 1(N39C) 1(N34)

1…23 24 25…1460