Position in chronology
MDP 26S, 4765
About this tablet
A broken accounting tablet from Susa in southwestern Iran, written around 3100–3000 BCE in the proto-Elamite script — one of the world's oldest writing systems, and one that has still not been deciphered. What survives is a ledger: a series of entries, each pairing a commodity or account sign with a number impressed by the round or pointed end of a stylus. The repeated sign M482 appears to head or divide sections of the list, and the totals on the reverse (large N34 and N14 units) suggest a summation of the individual entries on the front. We can read the arithmetic but not the words: nobody knows what goods or people these signs stand for.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
This is a damaged account sheet. The front lists a series of entries, each naming something and giving a quantity: one recurring header sign is credited with 3 units of the large measure, then another 1, then another 1; other entries pair commodity signs with 2 large units and 1 large unit, and several more entries are broken away entirely. The back carries what look like totals — one entry of 1 very large unit plus 3 large units plus 1 small unit, another of 1 very large unit, and a final line of 2 of one small measure plus 1 of another. The commodity names are written in the undeciphered proto-Elamite script, so the numbers survive but the goods do not.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engineObverse 1. [ ... ] (entry lost) 2. M482[?] (heading sign) — 3(N14) 3. M103, M277~g, |M136+M365|, [ ... ] — [ ... ] 4. [ ... ] M388, |M036+1(N30D)| — 2(N14@b) 5. M482 — 1(N14) 6. M131~k, M136~g, [ ... ] — [ ... ] 7. [ ... ] — [ ... ] n(n@b) (numeral of unreadable value) 8. M482[?] — 1(N14) 9. M302~b, |M136+M365|, |M036+1(N30D)| — 1(N14@b) 10. M388 [ ... ] — [ ... ] Reverse 11. |M036+1(N30D)| — 1(N34@b) 3(N14@b) 1(N01@b)[?] 12. [M482?] — 1(N34) 13. M297~b — 2(N39B) 1(N24) (The remainder of the reverse is uninscribed or broken away.)
Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo10 uncertain terms ↓
- M482 — Proto-cuneiform sign of uncertain reading; possibly related to a category of commodity or personnel. Appears multiple times, possibly as a heading or category marker.
- M302~b — Variant of proto-cuneiform M302; exact referent unknown. May denote a specific product type or institutional unit.
- M297~b — Variant of M297; referent uncertain. Could relate to a commodity, place, or official category.
- M388 — Proto-cuneiform sign; meaning not established with certainty. Recurs in multiple lines, possibly a sub-category marker.
- M103, M277~g, M131~k, M136~g — Proto-cuneiform signs whose phonetic or logographic values are largely unknown at this early stage of writing; functional rather than linguistic readings are all that can be offered.
- |M036+1(N30D)| — A compound sign combining M036 with an impressed numeral N30D; compound sign identities in proto-cuneiform are often commodity-specific and debated.
- |M136+M365| — Compound sign; referent uncertain. Typical of the combinatory sign-formation attested in the Uruk/Jemdet Nasr corpus.
- N14@b, N34@b, N01@b — The '@b' notation indicates a specific graphic variant (possibly impressed at an angle or in a specific sub-system). Exact metrological values depend on commodity and counting system; cannot be resolved without fuller context.
- N39B — Elongated impressed numeral; possibly belonging to an area or capacity metrological sub-system. Exact value debated in the literature.
- N24 — Medium-order impressed numeral; position in hierarchy depends on which metrological system governs this entry.
Reasoning ↓
Visually, the photograph shows multiple fragments of a roughly triangular clay tablet, now held together with gaps; the upper group (obverse) displays deeply impressed circular and wedge-shaped marks consistent with proto-cuneiform signs and numerical notation of the Uruk period — circular impressed dots (likely N01, N14-class numerals) and incised pictographic signs are visible, including what appear to be M482-class and M302-class pictograms and the characteristic X-like or crossing-wedge signs. The lower fragment shows a different face (reverse or lower obverse) with larger ovoid impressed marks consistent with N34 or N39B-class high-order numerals, and further pictographic signs. The surface is eroded, cracked along two major fracture lines, and several areas are obscured by dirt or spalling; precise sign-by-sign verification from the photo alone is not possible at this resolution. The transliteration provided by the project broadly matches what is visible in terms of the density and layout of signs, the alternation between pictographic commodity signs and numerical impressions, and the presence of a possible totalling entry near the bottom — this is consistent with standard Uruk-period administrative tablet formats as known from Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Susa corpora. The sign identifications (M482, M302~b, M297~b, M388, M136, etc.) cannot be individually verified from the photograph at this resolution; confidence is therefore low. The metrological values of N14@b, N34@b, N39B, and N24 remain commodity-dependent and cannot be converted to absolute quantities without fuller context.
Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 15, 2026 · 2228 in / 1323 out tokens
Transliteration
[...] , M482# , 3(N14) M103 M277~g |M136+M365| [...] , [...] [...] M388 |M036+1(N30D)| , 2(N14@b) M482 , 1(N14) M131~k M136~g [...] , [...] [...] , [...] n(n@b) M482# , 1(N14) M302~b |M136+M365| |M036+1(N30D)| , 1(N14@b) M388 [...] , [...] |M036+1(N30D)| , 1(N34@b) 3(N14@b) 1(N01@b)# [M482?] , 1(N34) M297~b , 2(N39B) 1(N24)
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Proto-Elamite (ca. 3100-2900 BC)) — MDP 26S, 4765. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Louvre Museum, Paris, France (P009203) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.