Position in chronology
WF 123
About this tablet
An Early Dynastic administrative allocation list from Šuruppak (modern Fara, southern Iraq), dating to roughly 2600–2500 BCE — one of the earliest cities for which we have written records. The tablet records distributions of 2 or 3 units each — almost certainly barley rations — to a series of named workers or institutional personnel. The names themselves are tiny windows into the human population of this ancient city: they include elements meaning 'hero,' 'lady,' and 'brother,' the building blocks of Sumerian personal names. The tablet is broken at the top and bottom, so the commodity label and the final tally are both lost.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
The list, as far as it survives, reads: Ni2-kur-ra receives 3 units; USZ, AK-sud3, and Ur-saga-ta each receive 3 units as well. Ur-[name lost] gets 2. One line is too damaged to read — it may record a reed or other commodity. Pa-en-da gets 3 units; Sud3-[name], Nin-[name], Šeš-[name], and one further broken name each receive 2 units. The list closes with two entries of 3 units apiece, but the recipients' names are lost. What the commodity was, and what the total came to, cannot be read — those lines are gone.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine[...]-x [...]-zi 3 (units) — Ni2-kur-ra 3 (units) — USZ 3 (units) — AK-sud3 3 (units) — Ur-saga-ta 2 (units) — Ur-[...] [x units?] GI[?] [...] 3 (units) — Pa-en-da[-...] 2 (units) — Sud3-[...] 2 (units) — Nin-[...] 2 (units) — Šeš-[...] 2 (units) — [...]-[...] 3 (units) — AN-[...] 3 (units) — [...]
Our translation engine — Sonnet 4.6. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Engine notes
read from photo9 uncertain terms ↓
- ni2-kur-ra — A personal name or epithet; ni2 = 'self/fear/awe,' kur = 'mountain/land/underworld.' The compound could be a theophoric or descriptive name. Uncertain whether it is a personal name or a title/category.
- USZ — In Early Dynastic administrative contexts USZ can denote a measure (length), a commodity category, or a personal name element. Context is insufficient to determine which reading applies here.
- AK-sud3 — Likely a personal name: AK ('to do/make') + sud3 ('distant/to spray'). Alternatively a functional descriptor. Uncertain.
- ur-sag-a2-ta — Probably a personal name: ur-sag = 'hero/warrior,' a2-ta = 'from the arm/side of.' A compound Sumerian personal name of the type common at Šuruppak.
- pa4-en-da — Possibly a personal name or title. pa4 can relate to 'canal' or 'branch'; en-da is less clear. Reading partially restored.
- GI — As noted in the glossary, could be the commodity 'reed,' the verb 'to return/confirm,' or a sign in a personal name. The '#?' in the transliteration signals the editor's own uncertainty about the reading.
- nin — 'Lady/mistress'; could be part of a personal name (nin-PN) or a title. The glossary associates it with Inanna, but in an administrative list it more likely appears as part of a woman's name or title.
- szesz — Sumerian šeš = 'brother'; here almost certainly part of a personal name (šeš-PN) rather than a kinship term in isolation.
- asz@c — The numerical notation used in the Early Dynastic Šuruppak corpus; the round impressed sign representing the basic unit (later standardized as 1 ban2 or similar). Exact commodity or unit of measurement cannot be confirmed without more context.
Reasoning ↓
The photograph shows the tablet VAT 09105 displayed in multiple views/fragments under angled raking light. The central piece (upper middle) is the most legible surface and clearly shows cuneiform wedge impressions in several rows; the surface is moderately well preserved but with erosion and some breakage at the upper left and right edges. I can confirm the presence of repeated numerical notations (the round impressed signs consistent with the asz@c/ban2 numeral signs used in Early Dynastic Šuruppak administrative texts) and vertically arranged sign groups in each row, which aligns with the transliteration's pattern of 2–3 unit counts followed by names/terms. The lower fragments (bottom two pieces) show no legible cuneiform on their visible faces in this photograph — they appear to be the reverse or uninscribed sides, or surfaces too eroded to read. The small fragment at top bears the museum label 'VAT 9105.' The signs I can tentatively identify in the central fragment include the repeated numeral strokes and what appear to be complex sign clusters in the right-hand columns, but at this resolution and with this degree of surface weathering, individual sign identification beyond the numerals is not reliable. The transliteration is consistent with what is visually present. The text is a standard Early Dynastic Šuruppak administrative list of the type well known from the Fara archive; no standard published edition could be cross-checked at this stage, but the format is characteristic of WF (Deimel, 'Wirtschaftstexte aus Fara') tablets.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2008 in / 1314 out tokens
Transliteration
[...]-x [x ...]-zi# 3(asz@c) ni2-kur-ra 3(asz@c) USZ 3(asz@c) AK-sud3 3(asz@c) ur-sag-a2-ta 2(asz@c) ur-[x] [x] GI#? [...] 3(asz@c) pa4-en#-da-[(x)] 2(asz@c) sud3-x-[(x)] 2(asz@c) nin#-[...] 2(asz@c) szesz#-[...] 2(asz@c) x-[...] 3(asz@c) AN-[...] 3(asz@c) [...]
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 123. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany (P011081) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.