Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

MDP 17, 247

~3000 BCE·Uruk Period·P008445

About this tablet

A small clay accounting tablet from Susa in southwestern Iran, written around 3100–2900 BCE in the still-undeciphered Proto-Elamite script. Each line pairs a sign or group of signs — the name of a commodity, an official, or an institutional category — with a number impressed into the clay with the round end of a stylus. Only the counting is fully legible: single units and tens, running up to twenty. The tablet is broken and eroded, so the entries survive as a column of quantities whose subject we can no longer name.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

This is a ledger, and only the numbers still speak. Line by line it lists an item, then its count: one, then a broken entry, then nineteen; a heading-like sign followed by two; another entry of three; a longer group of four signs allotted twenty; one more single unit; fifteen; another twenty; then four, one, and fourteen. The final line's figure is lost entirely, along with much of the left side of the tablet. What was being counted — grain, animals, workers, rations — is written in a script no one has yet learned to read.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Low confidence
(obverse) […] , 1 (unit) M387 , [ … ] […] , 10 + 9 (units) = 19 M305 , 2 (units) M376 , [ … ] […] , 3 (units) M004 M058 M057~a M346 , 20 (units) […] … M320(?) , 1 (unit) M346 , 10 + 5 (units) = 15 […] M066 M346 , 20 (units) … , [ … ] […] , 4 (units) … … M388 , 1 (unit) […] , 10 + 4 (units) = 14 […] , (number lost)

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
4 uncertain terms
  • M387, M305, M376, M004, M058, M057~a, M346, M320, M066, M388These are proto-cuneiform sign designations from the CDLI/MSVO sign list. Their referents — what commodity or category each pictogram represents — are in most cases not yet conclusively identified. M346 may relate to a type of vessel or container; M004 and M058 appear in administrative contexts possibly related to grain or rations, but certainty is low.
  • N14 valueThe numerical value of N14 relative to N01 depends on which metrological system is in use (sexagesimal, bisexagesimal, capacity, area, etc.). In the most common Uruk period sexagesimal system N14 = 10 × N01, giving e.g. '1(N14) 9(N01)' = 19 and '2(N14)' = 20. This conventional rendering is used in the translation but is system-dependent.
  • M320#?The '#' and '?' in the transliteration indicate the reading is uncertain even for the original editor — the sign is damaged or ambiguous. Cannot verify from photo.
  • n (final line)Conventional notation indicating a numeral is present but its value is illegible or entirely broken away.
Reasoning ↓

The photograph shows multiple fragments of a small clay tablet, here arranged to display the obverse and reverse along with edge fragments and a separate lower piece. The upper cluster of fragments shows clear horizontal rulings separating entries, with visible impressed numerical signs (round deep impressions for N01, larger round impressions for N14) and incised/impressed pictographic signs in each register. Several circular hole-like impressions are visible mid-tablet — these appear to be the N01 numerical signs rather than damage. The surface is significantly abraded and cracked, with substantial lacunae at the edges of almost every line, consistent with the heavy use of square brackets and 'x' in the scholar-provided transliteration. The lower large fragment (reverse or a separate face) shows only faint incised marks, heavily eroded and largely illegible from the photograph. A museum label '247' (the MDP catalog number) is visible on one piece. The photo broadly confirms the transliteration's structure of alternating commodity signs and numerals in ruled registers, though individual sign identifications (e.g., M320?, M387, M388) cannot be verified at this resolution given the proto-cuneiform pictographic style and surface erosion. This is a standard Uruk-period proto-cuneiform account tablet from Susa, paralleling the Uruk IV–III corpus from southern Mesopotamia; the sign corpus and metrological system align with the MDP 17 and MSVO publication traditions (Damerow & Englund).

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 15, 2026 · 2076 in / 1029 out tokens

Transliteration

[...] , 1(N01)
M387# x , [...]
[...] , 1(N14) 9(N01)
M305# , 2(N01)
M376 , [...]
[...] , 3(N01)#
M004 M058 M057~a M346 , 2(N14)
[...] x M320#? , 1(N01)
M346 , 1(N14) 5(N01)
[...] M066 M346 , 2(N14)
x , [...]
[...] , 4(N01)
x x M388 , 1(N01)
[...] , 1(N14) 4(N01)
[...] , n

Scholarly note

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Proto-Elamite (ca. 3100-2900 BC)) — MDP 17, 247. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Attribution

Image: Louvre Museum, Paris, France (P008445) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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