Position in chronology
Šu-Suen 03
Translation — scholar edition
ETCSRI(i 1) For Enlil, the king of all lands, his master. (iv 2) Even the young men who evaded the battle and took refuge like birds in their cities could not escape his hand. He shrieked at their cities like an Anzu-bird. He reduced their cities and settlements to ruin mounds. He destroyed their walls completely. (iv 15) He blinded all the young men of the cities he had conquered, and made them serve in the orchards of Enlil and Ninlil and in the orchards of the great gods. (iv 23) He presented the female workers of the cities he conquered to the textile mills of Enlil and Ninlil and to the…
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions — scholar edition (Vienna).
Why it matters
Records Šu-Suen's systematic disposal of conquered populations — blinded men assigned to temple orchards, women to textile mills — documenting the Ur III state's institutionalised exploitation of war captives as temple labour.
Scholarly note
Sumerian royal inscription, published in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI) by Gábor Zólyomi and collaborators. Translation reproduced from the ETCSRI edition. ORACC text Q000992.
Attribution
Image: N 6264 (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) — from Nippur (mod. Nuffar) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P227136). source
Translation excerpted from Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q000992/.
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.