Position in chronology
Nisaba 30, 90
Translation — curated editorial
EditorialEditorial entry — translation cited from: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P332398.
Transliteration
a-du-du u3-na-a-du11 ad-da-mu lugal-mu a-sza3-ga-NE i3-gub-be2 lu2 gu4-e-us2-sa#-mu du11#-ga x-[x] ba-ta#-[x x] x szukur [x x] a-sza3 e-ba-tak4-tak4 sza3 du11-ga-sze3 kiszib3-ba-an-ne2 szu ha-ma-ab-tak4-tak4
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — Nisaba 30, 90. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: private: anonymous, New York, New York, USA (P332398) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P332398..
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.