Position in chronology
MVN 13, 736
Translation — curated editorial
EditorialEditorial entry — translation cited from: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P117509.
Transliteration
2(disz) dug dida 4(ban2) zi3 lugal 1/2(disz) sila3 i3-gesz elam ki-masz-ke4 szu ba-ti 5(disz) sila3 kasz 5(disz) sila3 ninda 1(disz) i3-gesz id-gur2 giri3 a-da-lal3 lu2 tukul-gu-la 5(disz) sila3 kasz 5(disz) sila3 ninda# 1(barig) i3-gesz da lu2-sza-lim lu2 tukul-gu-la nibru-ta gen-na iti ezem-ba-ba6
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — MVN 13, 736. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Free Library of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (P117509) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P117509..
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.