Position in chronology
MS 1739/1
About this tablet
A small Old Babylonian legal and economic tablet from roughly 2000–1700 BCE recording two related transactions in which a man named Puzur-Haya receives a gur (roughly 300 litres) of royal-measure barley valued at one shekel of silver. Two witnesses are named and the document is dated by a year-name commemorating the crafting of Enlil's throne — a formula that helps pin it to a specific reign. Such tablets are the everyday paperwork of ancient Mesopotamian commerce: grain sold on credit or in exchange for silver, witnessed and dated so that neither party could later dispute the deal.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Translation · reference
Medium confidence1 gur of barley (royal measure), for the price of 1 shekel of silver, (at a rate of) 1/4-fraction, from Katar, Puzur-Haya received. Witness: Ur-Duku-ga; Witness: Puzur-[Ha]ya. Month: intercalary Šekinku[5?], year: 'the throne of Enlil was fashioned.' 1 gur of barley [...] year: [...] Witness: Puzur-[x]; Month: intercalary Še[kinku5]; year: 'the throne of [Enlil ...].'
Source: engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation)
Translation · AI engine
read from photo1 gur of barley (royal measure), for the price of 1 shekel of silver, (at a rate of) 1/4-fraction, from Katar, Puzur-Haya received. Witness: Ur-Duku-ga; Witness: Puzur-[Ha]ya. Month: intercalary Šekinku[5?], year: 'the throne of Enlil was fashioned.' 1 gur of barley [...] year: [...] Witness: Puzur-[x]; Month: intercalary Še[kinku5]; year: 'the throne of [Enlil ...].'
5 uncertain terms ↓
- mu ku3-babbar 1 gin2 igi-4-gal2 — Literally 'for (the price of) silver, 1 shekel, 1/4-fraction.' The igi-N-gal2 construction here likely means 1 shekel + 1/4 shekel (i.e. 1¼ shekels) or alternatively a price ratio of 1 shekel per 4 units; exact interpretation depends on whether this is a total price or an exchange rate.
- ki ka-tar-ta — 'From Katar' — 'Ka-tar' may be a personal name (the seller) or a toponym; both interpretations are possible in OB economic texts. Treated here as a personal name/source.
- iti diri sze-KIN-ku5 — An intercalary month: 'extra month of the harvest (Šekinkuₓ).' The KIN-ku5 reading is marked uncertain by the editor ('#?' in the transliteration) and the exact month name may vary by scribal tradition or city.
- mu gu-za en-lil2-la2 ba-dim2 — Year-name: 'year in which the throne of Enlil was fashioned.' This formula is attested in multiple OB archives but has not been definitively assigned to a single known king; it may belong to Samsu-iluna or a regional ruler.
- puzur4-<ha>-ia2 (second witness) — The editorial <ha> indicates a sign the scribe omitted (haplography); the name is the same as the buyer Puzur-Haya or a different individual with the same name — the superscript '2' vs. '3' in the transliteration suggests the editor treats them as distinct individuals.
Reasoning ↓
The photograph shows a small, well-preserved yellowish clay tablet photographed from six angles (obverse, reverse, top, bottom, and two sides). The obverse (center-left large image) and reverse (bottom large image) carry the main text in clearly impressed wedges with horizontal rulings dividing lines. The surface is in good condition with only minor surface abrasion; no major breaks are visible. From the photo I can confirm the presence of multiple horizontal lines of cuneiform text on both faces; individual signs are difficult to read at this resolution but the overall sign density and layout are consistent with the scholarly transliteration provided. The top image appears to show the upper edge with a few signs, and the two side images show edge text consistent with witnessing clauses wrapping around. The museum number 'MS 1739/1' is written in modern ink on the reverse, visible in the center-lower photo. The year-name 'gu-za en-lil2-la2 ba-dim2' ('the throne of Enlil was fashioned') is attested in the Old Babylonian period, tentatively associated with the reign of Samsu-iluna of Babylon or a contemporary ruler. The transliteration's '#' and '?' markers on lines 8–9 and the second transaction block (lines 10–14) indicate the scribe had difficulty reading partially damaged or unclear signs — the photo at this resolution cannot resolve those specific passages. The personal name 'Ka-tar' (ki ka-tar-ta, 'from Katar') is unusual and may be a geographic origin or a personal name used as a source designation; I treat it as a personal name here. The rate 'igi-4-gal2' (literally '1/4-eye/fraction') is a standard Old Babylonian way of expressing a fractional price ratio.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 12, 2026 · 3547 in / 1281 out tokens
Why it matters
Transliteration
1(asz) sze gur lugal mu ku3-babbar 1(disz) gin2 igi-4(disz)-gal2 ki ka-tar-ta puzur4-ha-ia3 szu ba-ti igi ur-du6-ku3-ga igi puzur4-<ha>-ia2 iti diri# sze#-KIN#-ku5#? mu gu-za en-lil2-la2 ba-dim2 1(asz) sze# gur# [...] mu# [...] igi puzur4#-[x] iti diri sze#-[KIN-ku5] mu gu-[za ...]
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Early Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1900 BC)) — MS 1739/1. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.
Attribution
Image: Schøyen Collection, Oslo, Norway (P250480) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation).
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.