Position in chronology
Erišum I 10
About this tablet
A royal building inscription of Erišum I, ruler of the city of Aššur around 1970 BCE, one of the earliest Assyrian kings whose own words survive. It commemorates his construction of a temple — ritually consecrated by mixing ghee and honey into the walls — and names the building 'Wild Bull'. The closing lines address future princes, asking that whoever one day rebuilds the aging temple leave the foundation peg undisturbed and restore it to its place: an early example of the Mesopotamian concern that a builder's name and deposit survive across generations.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
Erišum, governor of the god Aššur and son of Ilu-šūma, who held the same office, records a pious building act: he prayed to Aššur, his lord, and had ghee and honey worked into every wall of the new temple, personally laying down a course of brick. He gave the building a name — 'Wild Bull'. After a gap in the text, he speaks to the future: someday a prince like himself will have to rebuild this temple when it grows worn and old. When that happens, Erišum asks, let him not tamper with the foundation peg — let him put it back exactly where it belongs.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine(Obverse) [Eri]šum, vice-regent of the god [A]ššur, [son of Ilu-šū]ma, [vice-regent of the god A]ššur, [...] ... [...] ... He prayed to the god Aššur, his lord, and into every wall he had ghee and honey mixed, and I laid down a single course (of brick). The [temple] — 'Wild Bull' is its name. (Break) [...] ... [...] In the fut[ure], whatever prince, one like [me], who rebuilds [the temple] — if the tem[ple] becomes dilapi[dated] and gro[ws old], may he not disturb the (foundation) peg; [may he return] the peg to [its (proper) place].
Our translation engine — Fable 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo7 uncertain terms ↓
- ÉNSI — Rendered 'vice-regent' following standard Assyriological convention for iššiakku; some translate 'city-ruler' or 'governor.' Here it is the Assyrian royal title specifically subordinate to the god Aššur.
- i-na mì-ma i-ga-ri Ì.NUN ù LÀL ú-ší-il₅-ma — 'Upon whatever wall he anointed with ghee and honey' — mīmma igāri is 'any/whatever wall'; ušīl (< šâlum / wašālum) means 'to anoint/smear.' The ritual act of smearing wall foundations with fat and honey is well-attested in building inscriptions but the exact verbal form here is debated.
- ti-ib-kam iš-te₉-en [as]-bu-uk — Literally 'one libation-pouring he poured.' tibkam (< tabākum 'to pour') and asbuk are related forms; the exact syntax and whether this is a relative clause or main clause is uncertain.
- ri-mu-um — 'Wild bull' — standard epithet applied to the house or the dedicant; rimu can mean wild bull (auroch) and is a common royal/divine honorific. Here it apparently designates the house itself as a dedicatory name.
- sí-kà-tám — sikkatum, literally 'peg' or 'nail' — in building inscriptions this is the foundation peg or commemorative nail marking the building. The instruction not to remove it and to restore it to its proper place is a curse/blessing formula protecting the monument.
- [lu-ta-e-er] — Restoration; lutaʾer (D-stem precative of târum) 'may he return/restore.' Fully broken in the text; supplied from parallel exemplars.
- [DUMU DINGIR-šu]-ma — Restoration of the patronymic 'son of Ilum-šuma' (also written Ilu-šumma); brackets indicate the signs are broken and restored from parallel manuscripts of this inscription.
Reasoning ↓
Visual examination of the photo (top image, obverse): the tablet is a roughly lozenge-shaped fragment in moderately good condition for its upper and central registers, though the upper-left corner is heavily eroded or flaked away. Several clusters of cuneiform wedges are discernible across approximately 10–12 legible line zones, with two-column layout visible in the middle section. Signs confirming ÉNSI (double-wedge group), the DA-ŠÙR sequence (Aššur determinative + city name), and what appears to be the IK-RU-UB cluster are recognisable, broadly agreeing with the transliteration's core royal dedication formula. The lower portion of the obverse becomes progressively less distinct; wedge impressions are shallow and smeared. The reverse (bottom image) is largely blank/unscribed clay except for a modern museum accession number '1922.188' inked near the base. No transliteration can be verified for the broken and bracketed passages (lines 1–6, 17–26) from the photo alone. This is an Old Assyrian building inscription of Erišum I (ca. 1974–1935 BCE), attested in multiple exemplars; the formula of anointing a wall with ghee and honey and the wild-bull dedication epithet are well-known from parallel Aššur inscriptions (see Grayson, RIMA 1, A.0.33.1; Veenhof, Old Assyrian Period). The sikkatum ('peg') renewal clause is a standard Mesopotamian building-inscription motif.
Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 2856 in / 1155 out tokens
Why it matters
Erišum I consecrates the Aššur temple 'Wild Bull' by mixing ghee and honey into the mortar — one of the earliest Assyrian royal building inscriptions, and evidence that the ritual deposit of clay cones as dynastic markers was already standard practice c. 1900 BCE.
Transliteration
[i-ri]-⸢šum⸣ / ⸢ÉNSI⸣ / [da]-⸢šùr⸣ / [DUMU DINGIR-šu]-⸢ma⸣ / [ÉNSI da]-⸢šùr⸣ / [...] x / [...] x / a-na da-šùr / be-lí-šu / ik-⸢ru⸣-ub-ma / i-na mì-ma / i-ga-ri / Ì.NUN ù LÀL / ú-ší-il₅-ma / ti-ib-kam / iš-te₉-en / [as]-bu-uk / [É]-tum / [ri]-mu-um / [šu]-um-šu / [...]-⸢na⸣-[...] / ma-⸢ti⸣-[ma] / ša [be-tám] / i-pu-[šu] / ru-ba-[um (šu-um-šu)] / ša ki-ma [ia-ti] / šu-ma É-[tum] / i-ta-[na-aḫ] / i-la-[bi-ir] / sí-⸢kà⸣-[tám] / la ú-[ra-áb] / sí-kà-[tám] / a-⸢na⸣ [iš-ri-ša-ma] / [lu-ta-e-er]
Scholarly note
Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005630.
Attribution
Image: Ashm 1922-0188 (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P384837). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.