Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

SAA 17 090. Watch of Ekur and Nippur (CT 54 011)

~710 BCE·Neo-Assyrian·P237993

About this tablet

A letter to an Assyrian king from the governor of Nippur — the official titled šandabakku, who ran the ancient Sumerian holy city of Nippur and its great temple, the Ekur of Enlil. He opens with the standard blessing, then answers a royal order about a man he is to hand over, and reports on the security detail guarding temple and city. Letters like this, found in the royal archives at Nineveh, show the Assyrian court in the late 8th–7th century BCE micromanaging the Babylonian sanctuaries it claimed to protect, where "is the guard strong?" was a political as well as a religious question.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

From the governor of Nippur to the king, his lord. Greetings to the king, my lord — may the great gods of the Ekur and of Nippur grant you everything you set out to do. Regarding the king's instructions to me — to send the son of so-and-so here and deliver him into my custody, and to tighten the watch — I am reinforcing it, and may the guard over the Ekur and over Nippur be strong. The closing lines name Ninurta-naṣir, a man whose name ends in -sâ, and the chief priest ("elder brother"), and refer again to these matters and to the king, but they are too broken to read.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
[Tablet of the governor of Nippur (šandabakku)] [to] the king, his lord. [May there] be good health to the king, my lord! May the great gods of Ekur and Nippur let your hands attain whatever you devise! Concerning the matter about which the king wrote to me, saying: "[...] hither the son of ...ayu [...], place (him) at [my] fe[et]" — saying: "Let me [stren]gthen the watch" — and may the watch of Ekur and Nippur be [strong]! [N]inurta-naṣir, [...]-sâ, the chief brother (aḫu rabû), [...] he [...] the matters [...] the king [...] ...... (Remainder broken.)

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
9 uncertain terms ↓
  • LÚ.GÚ.EN.NA — Sumerogram for 'governor' (Akkadian: šākin ṭēmi or bēl pīḫati); the specific title and identity of the sender are not preserved in the break.
  • tu-kàṣ-ṣip — Second-person D-stem of kaṣāpu, 'to cut off / command / decree'; here in the sense 'whatever you have decreed/commanded.' The ṣip ending is unusual but attested in Neo-Assyrian epistolary texts.
  • DUMU mx-a.a — A personal name partially broken; the first element is lost (x-a.a is a hypocoristic suffix common in Neo-Assyrian names). Identity unknown from this text alone.
  • GÌR.2-ia — Literally 'my two feet,' a standard idiom for submission/obedience — 'place at my feet' means 'put under my authority/care.' The reading of the final sign(s) is uncertain in the transliteration (marked with ?).
  • ma-ṣar-ta / ma-aṣ-ṣar-ta — Both spellings refer to 'watch, guard-duty' (maṣṣartu). The alternation in spelling within the same passage is normal Neo-Assyrian orthographic variation.
  • mdMAŠ—na-ṣir — The divine element MÁŠ/DMAŠ typically stands for Ninurta in Neo-Assyrian contexts, yielding 'Ninurta-naṣir' ('Ninurta is the protector'). The name is partially broken at the start.
  • ŠEŠ.GAL — 'Eldest brother' (aḫu rabû); its syntactic role in the broken context of line 17 is unclear — may be a title or a kinship term identifying a person.
  • É.KUR — Literally 'Mountain House,' the great temple of Enlil/Ninlil at Nippur; rendered as 'Ekur' following standard convention.
  • EN.LÍL.KI — Sumerian name for the city of Nippur ('place of Enlil'); rendered as 'Nippur' following standard convention.
Reasoning ↓

Visual examination of the photograph (K.1165, British Museum): The tablet is a small, rounded clay tablet in reasonable but imperfect condition. The upper register shows the obverse with cuneiform signs visible in multiple columns/faces; the lower register shows a denser inscription face. The wedge impressions are clearly present but fine detail is difficult to resolve at this resolution and scale — individual sign readings largely cannot be confirmed from the photo alone. The surface shows some erosion and a notable chip/damage in the lower-centre of the obverse face. The reverse/lower face appears to have more intact text. Cross-check: the photo and transliteration are broadly consistent in that the upper portion of the obverse has sparser text (matching the beginning of a letter with partially broken lines), and the denser lower section corresponds to lines 8–21. Specific sign-by-sign confirmation is not possible from the photo at this resolution. The text is a standard Neo-Assyrian epistolary report from a governor to the king concerning the security watch over Ekur (the great temple of Enlil at Nippur) and the city of Nippur itself; this genre and the restorations follow SAA 17 parallel letter formulae. The personal name mdMAŠ—na-ṣir ('Naṣir-[Ninurta]' or 'Ninurta-naṣir') is partially broken; 'DUMU mx-a.a' is a partially legible personal name in the dative construction. Lines 17–21 are too broken to translate with confidence.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3465 in / 1273 out tokens

Transliteration

[ṭup-pi LÚ.GÚ.EN.NA] / [a-na] ⸢LUGAL be⸣-lí-⸢šú⸣ / [lu]-⸢ú šul⸣-mu a-na LUGAL / ⸢EN⸣-ía DINGIR-MEŠ GAL-MEŠ / ⸢šá⸣ É.KUR u EN.LÍL.KI / ⸢mim⸣-ma ma-la tu-kàṣ-ṣip / ŠU.2-ka lu-šak-šid / a-na UGU dib-bi šá LUGAL / iš-pu-ra ⸢um-ma⸣ [a-na] / a-kan-na ⸢DUMU mx-a.a⸣ [x] / a-na ⸢GÌR⸣.[2-ia?] ⸢šu-kun⸣ / ⸢um⸣-ma ⸢ma-ṣar-ta⸣ / lu-[dan]-⸢ni⸣-na / ⸢ù ma⸣-aṣ-ṣar-ta / šá É.⸢KUR⸣ u EN.LÍL.KI / lu-[ú dan-nat m]dMAŠ—na-ṣir / [x x x]-sa-a ŠEŠ.GAL / [x x x x x]+⸢x⸣ šu-ú / [x x x x] ⸢dib⸣-bi / [x x x x x] ⸢LUGAL⸣ / [x x x x x x x]+⸢x⸣

Scholarly note

Babylonian-language letter to Sargon II or Sennacherib, edited by Manfried Dietrich (SAA 17, 2003). ORACC text P237993.

Attribution

Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P237993). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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