Position in chronology
SAA 10 044. Timing a Journey of the King (ABL 1141+) [from astrologers]
About this tablet
This small clay tablet, held in the British Museum (registration 83-1-18, 513), is a letter from two royal astrologers — Balasî and Nabû-aḥḥē-erība — to an Assyrian king, most likely Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal in the seventh century BCE. The scholars are answering a royal enquiry about the best time to make a journey: they advise that the seventh month (Tishri, roughly September–October) is auspicious, the road is clear, and the king should proceed, completing the arrival with the ritual kissing of the ground and the offering of sacrifices. It is a vivid example of how Assyrian kings relied on a staff of specialist omen-readers before undertaking even routine travel, treating the calendar and celestial signs as practical tools of statecraft.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Translation — our engine
Our engine[To the king, our lord,] / [your servants Balasî] / [and Nabû-aḥḥē-erība.] / [May there be well-being] for the king [our lord.] / [May Nabû (and)] Marduk bless the king / our lord. / Concerning the journey to the city [NN] / about which the king our lord / sent word to us: / if the king is at Eanna / in the month of Tishri (month VII), it is propitious / for the journey. / Or else the king may say: / 'No, [I will not …]' / [They] said [(to us):] / 'This month, / the road / is clear; / let it be released (for travel). / The month of arrival — / let the king go! / Let the ground be kissed. / Let sacrifices / be performed.'
Our translation engine — Sonnet 4.6. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Engine notes
read from photo6 uncertain terms ↓
- É-an-ni — Literally 'House of Heaven,' the name of the great temple of Anu and Ištar at Uruk; in epistolary context could refer to the temple-complex or possibly another building. Some editors read this as a general term for a cultic departure point rather than specifically Uruk's Eanna.
- da-ri-ir — Adjective meaning 'clear, open, unobstructed' applied to the road (urḫu). Rendered 'clear' here; some translators give 'free (of obstacles)' or 'safe.'
- ka-qu-ru liš-šiq — Literally 'let him kiss the ground (kaqqaru),' a ritual prostration gesture associated with entering a sacred precinct or approaching a deity. The damaged <$x$> sign between ka-qu-ru and liš-šiq may indicate a divine name or object has been omitted or is damaged.
- ITI.DU₆ / ITI e-ri-ib-a-ni — ITI.DU₆ = Tašrītu (roughly September–October); 'ITI e-ri-ib-a-ni' = 'the month of our arrival,' a relative temporal expression for the month when the king arrives at the destination.
- lu-u ra-am-mu — From ramû, 'to set out at ease / depart freely'; could also be rendered 'let (the road) be released/clear.' Context supports the sense of an unimpeded journey.
- mba-la-si-i / mdPA—PAB-MEŠ—SU — Balasî and Nabû-aḫḫē-erība, two well-attested Neo-Assyrian court scholars (ṭupšarru ša Enūma Anu Enlil). Both names are restorations in the broken upper lines, supplied from parallel attestations in SAA 10.
Reasoning ↓
Visual examination of the photo (British Museum 83-1-18, 513): The tablet is a small, roughly oval clay fragment approximately 4–5 cm tall, photographed from multiple angles (obverse, reverse, top, bottom). The obverse (centre-top image) shows 15–20 lines of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, densely inscribed. Wedges are visible and fairly well preserved in the upper half; the lower portion shows surface erosion and a diagonal crack bisecting the tablet. The left edge is broken throughout, accounting for the bracket restorations at line beginnings. The right side appears largely intact. I can confirm the presence of multiple horizontal lines of script; the LUGAL (king) and some DI-mu signs are visually consistent with the transliteration in the clearer upper registers. The lower lines are difficult to resolve at this resolution, consistent with the lacunae marked in the transliteration. Layer 2 is based on the SAA 10 044 transliteration (Parpola, SAA 10, 1993, no. 44): the letter is from astrologers Balasî and Nabû-aḫḫē-erība to the Assyrian king, answering a royal query about the auspiciousness of a royal journey in the month of Tišrī (Ulūlu/Tašrītu). Key interpretive choices: 'É-an-ni' rendered as 'Eanna' (the Uruk temple), though contextually a palace or cult-centre departure point is possible; 'da-ri-ir' ('clear/open') rendered as 'clear' (road is clear/safe); 'ka-qu-ru liš-šiq' rendered as 'let him kiss the ground' (a prostration rite). Photo and transliteration broadly agree; detailed sign-by-sign verification is not possible for the damaged lower section.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3352 in / 1254 out tokens
Transliteration
[a-na LUGAL EN-ni] / [ARAD-MEŠ-ka mba-la-si-i] / [mdPA—PAB-MEŠ—SU] / [lu DI-mu a]-⸢na LUGAL⸣ [EN-ni] / [dPA d]⸢AMAR⸣.[UTU] a-na ⸢LUGAL⸣ / EN-ni lik-ru-⸢bu⸣ / ina UGU a-la-ki ša URU.[x x] / ša LUGAL be-li-ni / iš-pur-an-na-ši-ni / šum-ma LUGAL ina É-an-ni / ina ITI.DU₆ ṭa-ba / a-na a-la-ki / ú-la-a ⸢LUGAL⸣ i-qab-⸢bi⸣ / ma-a la [x x x]+⸢x⸣ [x x] / [iq]-⸢bu-ú⸣-[ni o] / ⸢ITI⸣ an-ni-⸢ú⸣ / ur-ḫu / da-ri-ir / lu-u ra-am-mu / ITI e-ri-ib-a-⸢ni⸣ / LUGAL lil-lik / ka-qu-ru <$x$> liš-šiq / UDU.SISKUR.SISKUR-MEŠ / ⸢le-pu⸣-šu
Scholarly note
Letter from a scholar (astrologer, exorcist, physician, lamentation-priest) to Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal, edited by Simo Parpola (SAA 10, 1993). ORACC text P334751.
Attribution
Image: Adapted from Simo Parpola, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars (State Archives of Assyria, 10), 1993. Lemmatised by Mikko Luukko, 2016, as part of the research programme of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair in the Ancient History of the Near and Middle East at LMU Munich (Karen Radner, Humboldt Professorship 2015). The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/saao/P334751/..
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation).
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