Position in chronology
WF 139
Translation · reference
ExperimentalSource: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P011097.
Translation · AI engine
read from photo1/3 (shekel) 5 gin of silver — 1 aktum-garment, received (IL₂). Ur-Enki, son of Ni-ba-hi-li, has (it) with him (an-da-tuku) / [or: has received it]. giri3-ni-ba-dab5 [personal name or phrase: 'he seized his foot'?], He2-e2-gal [personal name: 'May the palace be plentiful'], bar ('outside' / disbursed?), Ni-hi-li [personal name], lu2-munsub-ni ['his barber' / personal epithet], ku3-an ['pure heavens' / personal name], nu-zu ['does not know' / not acknowledged].
10 uncertain terms ↓
- aktum2 — A type of garment or textile attested in Early Dynastic administrative texts from Fara; exact form and value uncertain.
- IL2 — Conventionally read as 'received' or 'carried' (a receipt notation) in Fara-period administrative documents; exact verbal/nominal function debated.
- an-da-tuku — Literally 'has with him' or 'possesses'; in administrative context could mean 'has received' or 'holds in custody.' The precise legal or administrative sense is uncertain.
- giri3-ni!-ba-dab5 — Reads literally as something like 'he seized his foot/path'; more likely a personal name or institutional phrase. The '!' in the transliteration flags a corrected or uncertain sign reading.
- HE2-e2-gal — Literally 'may the palace be plentiful'; could be a personal name (theophoric or honorary) or an institutional tag. Common as a name element in early periods.
- bar — Polysemous: 'outside', 'released', 'disbursed', or a commodity/measure term. In this administrative context, could mark goods disbursed or a person's external status. Meaning unclear.
- lu2-munsub-ni — Literally 'his barber' (lu2 = man/person; munsub = barber); could be a professional title or a name element identifying a person by occupation.
- ku3-an — Literally 'pure/sacred heaven(s)'; likely a personal name or divine epithet. Could also be an adjectival phrase modifying a preceding term.
- nu-zu — Literally 'not known' or 'does not know'; administratively may denote an unacknowledged or disputed item, an unknown party, or a standard closing formula. Unusual as a final entry.
- NI-ba-hi-li / NI-hi-li — These appear to be personal names with the element NI, which is phonetically ambiguous in Early Dynastic orthography (could be /ni/, /li/, /i/, etc.). The exact reading and etymology are uncertain.
Reasoning ↓
Visually, the obverse of the tablet (top image) shows a small, cushion-shaped Early Dynastic clay tablet with cuneiform signs pressed in a roughly gridded layout across five to six horizontal registers. The wedge impressions are moderately clear in the upper portion but become somewhat worn and compressed in the lower registers. I can tentatively identify sign clusters consistent with numeric notations in the upper left, and sign groupings plausible for the personal names listed in the transliteration (e.g., UR, EN-KI, DUMU). The lower registers are harder to read photographically due to surface wear and the angle of light. The reverse (bottom image) appears blank or nearly uninscribed, consistent with the single-face format of many early administrative tablets from Fara; the museum number 12633 is written in ink on the edge. The transliteration provided aligns broadly with what can be discerned photographically — numeric signs in the first line, followed by a commodity term, then personal names — but I cannot independently verify every sign from this photograph alone, particularly the precise readings of giri3-ni-ba-dab5 and the final lines. The term 'aktum2' is a known early textile term. 'an-da-tuku' is a standard early Sumerian phrase for possession or receipt. 'nu-zu' at the end is anomalous and could indicate an administrative notation of non-acknowledgment or a personal name element; cannot resolve from photo alone.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2159 in / 1413 out tokens
Why it matters
Transliteration
1/3(disz@c) 5(asz@c) gin2 ku3 1(asz@c) aktum2 IL2 ur-en-ki dumu NI-ba-hi-li an-da-tuku giri3-ni!-ba-dab5 HE2-e2-gal bar NI-hi-li lu2-munsub-ni ku3-an nu-zu
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 139. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany (P011097) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P011097..
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.