Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Erm 14335

~2400 BCE·Early Dynastic·P225743

About this tablet

A fish-delivery receipt from the city of Girsu in the state of Lagash, around 2350 BCE — the household paperwork of a queen. A fisherman named Lugal-megalgal, who worked the brackish lagoon waters near the Gulf, brought in a large consignment of fish, and the estate superintendent En-iggal booked it into the E-munus, the 'Women's House,' the great institutional household run by Queen Baranamtara, wife of the ruler Lugalanda. Hundreds of such tablets survive from this archive, giving one of the earliest detailed pictures of a working palace economy anywhere in the world.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

Received: 50 head of si-U-NU fish and 12 carrier-loads of fish, delivered by Lugal-megalgal, the saltwater (brackish-water) fisherman. Booked in during the month called 'barley and water for the sheep of Ningirsu' by En-iggal, the superintendent, into the Women's House — the estate of Baranamtara, wife of Lugalanda, ruler of Lagash. Year 3 of his reign.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
High confidence
1. 50 head of si-U-NU (fish), 2. 12 porter-loads of fish: 3. Lugal-megalgal, 4. the fisherman of the brackish waters, 5. in the month "barley (and) water for the sheep of Ningirsu," 6. En-iggal, 7. the overseer, 8. into the Women's House (E-munus) 9. delivered (them). 10. (For) Baranamtara, 11. wife of Lugalanda, 12. the ruler 13. of Lagash. 3rd (year).

Our translation engine — Fable 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
8 uncertain terms ↓
  • si-U-NU — The precise meaning of this designation for the 50 persons is unclear; it may be a professional title, ethnic designation, or institutional category. The sign U within SI-U-NU is uncertain in reading.
  • gab2-il2 — A type of fish or a profession connected with fish; the exact species or role is debated in the literature.
  • szu-ku6 — Literally 'hand of the fish(-pond/fishery)' — conventionally interpreted as 'fisherman'; the compound is well-attested in Lagashite texts but nuances of the role vary.
  • a-ses-ke4 — A personal or institutional name in the genitive; 'A-ses' could be a personal name or a place/institution. The -ke4 marks genitive-agent. Identity not firmly established.
  • iti udu-sze3 — Literally 'month of sheep-grass' or 'the barley-month of sheep'; interpretation as a month name is standard for Early Dynastic Lagash calendars, but the precise equivalence to a month number is debated.
  • e2-munus-a — Literally 'house of the woman' or 'women's house'; could refer to the gynaeceum of the palace, or a specific institutional household managed by the governor's wife.
  • 3(|ASZxDISZ@t|) — The final notation — three tally marks — may indicate three entries, three tablets in a dossier, or a summary count. Interpretation as a tablet/dossier number is plausible but not certain.
  • nu-banda3 — Conventionally rendered 'overseer' or 'commander'; in the Lagashite administrative hierarchy it sits below the ensi2 and above ordinary foremen. Exact functional scope varies by context.
Reasoning ↓

The photograph shows a small, lenticular tablet (museum number 14335 is legible on the label in the top panel) photographed from multiple angles: obverse, reverse, top edge, and two sides. The obverse (second image in the composite) is the most legible face: several clear wedge clusters are visible, arranged in two column registers separated by a ruled line, with approximately six to seven lines per register. Individual sign clusters are discernible — the large numeric notation in the top-left register, what appear to be fish-determinative signs (KU6) in the upper right, and personal name signs further down. The reverse (bottom large image) shows fewer lines, with sign clusters visible on the lower half — consistent with the short seal phrase and governor-title lines of the transliteration. The left and right edge views show a small number of signs consistent with an edge notation or overflow line. Photo resolution is insufficient to verify each individual sign reading, but the overall layout (two-column obverse, short reverse, lenticular format) is fully consistent with a Girsu Early Dynastic administrative tablet of this type. The transliteration is accepted as the primary source; photo broadly confirms its structure without contradicting it. The reading 'bara2-nam-tar-ra' (Bara-nam-tara) as wife of Lugal-anda governor of Lagash is consistent with the well-documented archive of this couple from Girsu (cf. Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte). The sign kux(DU) for 'bring in / deliver' is standard in Lagashite administrative texts. Cannot verify the precise sign forms of '5(u@c) sag si-U-NU' and 'gab2-il2' from the photo at this resolution.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2446 in / 1288 out tokens

Transliteration

5(u@c) sag si-U-NU
1(u@c) 2(asz@c) gab2-il2 ku6
lugal-me-gal-gal
szu-ku6 a-ses-ke4
iti udu-sze3 sze a nin-gir2-su-ka-ka
en-ig-gal
nu-banda3
e2-munus-a
i3-kux(DU)
bara2-nam-tar-ra
dam lugal-an-da
ensi2
lagasz-ka 3(|ASZxDISZ@t|)

Scholarly note

Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)) — Erm 14335. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Attribution

Image: State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (P225743) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-09-20/v8-evolved).

Related tablets

Related sources