Position in chronology
CUSAS 35, 100
About this tablet
A bread-ration distribution record from the ancient city of Adab (modern Bismaya in southern Iraq), written during the Early Dynastic period, roughly 2600–2350 BCE. It records allocations of ninda — the standard Sumerian bread or grain ration — to four institutional households: the House of the Child, the house of a gudu-priest (a temple purification official), a house belonging to a person named Igi-si4, and a house connected to the goddess Nin-mug. Quantities are counted in the Sumerian sexagesimal (base-60) system and the transaction is precisely dated to day 23 of a local agricultural month called 'lifting the field.' This is the workaday paperwork of an Early Dynastic temple economy — a scribe noting who received how much bread, on what day, so that administrators could balance their accounts.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
The opening figure is lost — the tablet is broken at the top. What remains is a ration ledger: 183 loaves of bread went to the House of the Child; 122 loaves to the House of the Gudu-priest; another 122 to the House of Igi-si4; and 61 loaves to the House of Nin-mug, with a man named Ur-nu listed in connection with that last entry. All of this was issued on the 23rd day of the month called 'lifting the field' — a month in Adab's agricultural calendar tied to the beginning of fieldwork season.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine[n] loaves of bread — House of the Child: 183 (3 sixties, 3); House of the Gudu-priest: 122 loaves of bread (2 sixties, 2); House of Igi-si4: 122 loaves of bread (2 sixties, 2); Ur-nu: 61 [loaves of bread,] House of Nin-[mug]. Day 23. Month: [the month of] lifting the field.
Our translation engine — Sonnet 4.6. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Engine notes
read from photo9 uncertain terms ↓
- ninda — Conventionally 'bread' or 'bread-ration'; could also denote a generic food allotment. The sign NINDA is the standard bread/food logogram in ED administrative texts.
- e2-dumu — 'House of the Son/Child' — dumu = son/child/offspring. May refer to a specific institutional subdivision of a temple estate named after a divine or royal 'son,' or a ward/heir's household. Exact referent at Adab unclear.
- e2-gudux(AH) — The gudu/gudug priest (gudug4 or gudux) is a cultic functionary, possibly a purification priest. The AH sign is the conventional writing for this title in ED sources; the exact cultic role is debated.
- e2 igi-si4 — 'House of Igi-si' — igi-si4 may be a personal name ('the eye is set/placed straight') or an institutional epithet. The reading si4 (= red/bright) is one possibility; si (= to set upright) is another.
- ur-nu — A personal name: 'Ur-nu' — ur = servant/man, nu possibly a divine name abbreviation or a commodity. The entry appears without an é- 'house' determinative, suggesting an individual rather than an institution, but the following broken line may supply more context.
- nin-mug — Partially broken in transliteration. Nin-mug is a known Sumerian goddess (lady of the hairdresser/weaver) attested at Early Dynastic sites. The restoration [mug] is plausible given the divine name list at Adab, but the final sign is damaged.
- u4 2(u@c) 3(disz@t) — Day 23 of the month. The curved (case) form @c for 20 and the tally @t for 3 are Early Dynastic numeral conventions. Reading as day-count within the month is standard for this formula.
- iti asza5-il2-szu-gar — 'Month: the asza-basket is set up/carried.' A festival month name attested in the Adab calendar; asza5 denotes a type of harvest or offering basket. The exact festival is not fully understood but relates to agricultural/cultic activity.
- gesz2@c — The curved (case) form of the 60-unit sign (šuššu/géš), the basic large unit in the sexagesimal counting system. Transliteration convention '@c' marks this archaic curved variant.
Reasoning ↓
The photograph shows a small, well-preserved lenticular clay tablet — the classic 'round tablet' form common in Early Dynastic Sumer. The obverse (central panel) carries four to five horizontal registers separated by incised lines, with cuneiform signs clearly impressed. The reverse (bottom large panel) is almost blank except for a single circular hole/indent, consistent with a numeric or seal impression. On the left edge the modern accession label 'MS 3789/44' is legible in ink. The wedge clusters on the obverse are consistent with the transliteration: curved numeral signs for the large sexagesimal counts (gesz2@c = 60×), the AŠ signs for smaller units, and what appear to be the logographic sequences for institutional names (é-signs followed by descriptors). The upper-right portion of the tablet appears chipped/eroded, matching the transliteration's lacuna '[n] ninda' at the start. The sign cluster readable as 'ur-nu' in line 4, and the date line at the bottom with the curved '2(u@c) 3(disz@t)' numeral for day 23, are consistent with what the photo shows, though individual wedge resolution is limited at this magnification. The month name 'asza5-il2-szu-gar' cannot be fully verified from the photo but is a known Early Dynastic Adab calendar month. The institutional name é-gudu(AH) uses the AH sign for gudug/gudu, a cultic functionary — this is consistent with Adab administrative texts published in CUSAS 35.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2251 in / 1476 out tokens
Transliteration
[n] ninda e2-dumu 3(gesz2@c) 3(asz@c) e2-gudux(AH) 2(gesz2@c) ninda 2(asz@c) e2 igi-si4 2(gesz2@c) ninda 2(asz@c) ur-nu 1(gesz2@c) [ninda 1(asz@c)] e2# nin#-[mug] u4 2(u@c) 3(disz@t) iti asza5-il2-szu-gar
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)) — CUSAS 35, 100. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Schøyen Collection, Oslo, Norway (P252721) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.