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~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Disk of Enheduanna
An object naming and depicting a powerful priestess and royal daughter around 2300 BCE. Enheduanna is also a landmark in named literary authorship, but that literary legacy must be distinguished from this disk’s dedication.
Religion & MythWriting & Literature~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Man-ištušu 1
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 14
(1) ... installed it in the temple of Enlil. (3) At that time Su’āš-takal, the estate administrator of the king was its leader; Irina-badbi was the temple administrator of Enlil.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2001
(1) Narām-Suen, king of Agade, king of the four quarters: Irina-badbi, temple administrator of Enlil, is your servant.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2018
(1) To Ningublaga of Asug-ĝišdua, Išṭup-ilum, his estate administrator dedicated this (plaque) for the well-being of Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, and for the well-being of En-men-ana.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2019 / CDLI Seals 001417 (CDLI Seals 001417 (physical))
(1) En-men-ana: Ursi, the doorkeeper, is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2020 / CDLI Seals 005992 (CDLI Seals 005992 (composite))
(1) Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, En-men-ana, the en-priestess of Nanna, his child: ..., the scribe, is her slave.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written at his left side.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 18 (Sumerian)
(1) Rimuš, king of the world: Since the dawn of time no one had ever fashioned a tin statue for Enlil, (but now) Rimuš, king of the world fashioned a tin statue of himself and set it up before Enlil. He counted himself among the gods. (20) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may Enlil and Utu uproot him and destroy his lineage! (colophon 1, 1) Inscription of a šahum cauldron. (colophon 2, 1) Inscription ... of Rimuš.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 2001
(1') To ..., ..., ... of Šuruppak, chosen by Sud in the heart, whose name was proclaimed by Nin-ĝidru, ... for the well-being of his king, Rimuš, king of the world.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Šar-kali-šarri 4 (Sumerian)
(1) Enlil spoke: He gave all ... to Šar-kali-šarri, the powerful king, cup-bearer of Enlil, king of Akkad, king of Enlil's people. After he had arrived at the source of the Tigris and the Euphrates, he himself dedicated this (object) to Enlil in Nibru. (colophon 1, 1) The number of its (lines) is six.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 01 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of Agade, commissioner of Inana, king of the world, išib priest of An, king of the Land, chief governor of Enlil, conquered the city of Unug and demolished its city-walls. He fought with the leader of Unug and defeated him. (21) He fought with Lugal-zagesi, king of Unug, captured him, and took him to the gate of Enlil in a neck stock. (30) Šarrukin, king of Agade, fought with the leader of Urim and defeated him. He conquered his city and demolished its city-walls. (42) He conquered the temple of Ninmarki, and demolished its walls. From Lagaš until the sea he conquered all…
Law~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 02
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. It was written in front of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 06
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written on the socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on the shoulder of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 07
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 11 (Akkadian)
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
Law~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 11 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of the world, was victorious in 34 battles. He demolished all city walls as far as the shore of the sea. He moored the ships of Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun at the quay of Agade. (14) In Tuttul, Šarrukin, the king, prostrated himself before Dagan and prayed to him. (Dagan then) gave him the Upper land, (including) Mari, Yarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the cedar forests and the mountains of precious metal. (29) In the presence of Šarrukin, the king whom Enlil made a man without opponent, 13 (units) of troops eat daily. (38) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may An obliterate h…
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 12
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 13
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 15
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 16
(1) Enheduana, the zirru-priestess, Nanna's spouse, child of Šarrukin, king of the world, erected an altar in the temple of Inana-ZAZA in Urim. She named it “The altar is An's table”.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2001
(1') ..., the estate adminstrator of Tašlultum, Šarrukin's spouse, ... for the well-being ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2003 / CDLI Seals 001436 (CDLI Seals 001436 (physical))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: Ilum-palil is her hairdresser.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2004 / CDLI Seals 001437 (CDLI Seals 001437 (physical))
(1) Adda, steward of En-hedu-ana.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2005 / CDLI Seals 012025 (CDLI Seals 012025 (composite))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: ... is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2006add
(1) To Šara of the E-mah, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2007add
(1) To Šara of the Abzu-banda, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a…
Daily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically refe…
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after…
Religion & Myth
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/2, pl. 140, 1971-349
Obverse 1. 20 gur of barley, (by the) great (gur measure), 2. Gala, the chief carpenter; 3. 20 (gur): Ur-e, the leatherworker; 4. 20 (gur): Inim-Utu; 5. 20 (gur): En-anne, the SIG₁₅@v; 6. (no amount entered): Gala, the SIG₁₅@v; 7. 20 (gur): the chief reed-worker. 8. They are men who did not come. 9. The plowman is its commissioner.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/3, pl. 245, Bod S 295
2 barig of beer-bread (by the measure of) Agade, 2 barig of groats, 2 barig of malt, 2 barig of flour, 2 ban of fine flour: Mama-hursag. Total: 1 gur 3 barig 2 ban of flour, (by the) gur of Agade; 2 ban of fine flour (included). Year 3, month 7.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 340
1 barig 3 ban fine flour, (by the measure of) Agade; 1 gur 1 barig zi-gu flour; 3 gur dabin flour; 2 gur 3(?) ban barley (for) malt flour; 2 ban ...... AN(?) ... la; ...... ......; ......; 1(?) barig ......; 2 years, 2 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 009
2 jars of 5 ban of beer, 2 jars of 3 ban of beer: extra nesag-offering. Total: 2 barig 4 ban, its barley. Year 6, month 8.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 012
2 sheep: Šage-pada; 1 lamb: the side (of) UD.HUB2; 1 lamb: Dumuzi; 1 lamb: Lugal-pa'e; 1 sheep: the cook; 5 lambs: the Abzu; [1]1 sheep; goat?, returned. Total: 14 sheep, 10 minus 1 (= 9) lambs: expended.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 202
Obverse 1. [......] [......] 2. 1 [......]-kalla(?) 3. 1 Mepa(?)-[x] 4. 1 Ur-[......] 5. 1 Lugal-maškim 6. [1] Lu-[......] 7. [1] Lu-[......] 8. [......] Pa-geš-[......] 9. Its inspection was carried out. 10. 7 years, 5 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 203
(No obverse/reverse markers are given in the transliteration; lines are numbered in sequence.) 1. 2 iku 30 sar (of field), barley: 2. [......], son of Adda. 3. [(...)] 2 sar, barley, aš-e (meaning unclear). 4. [n] iku [......] barley: 5. Adda-iri. 6. 2 iku (of field), barley: Di-sudde, the cook. 7. 5 + [n] iku (of field), barley: 8. Ur-Nin-kituš-gub, the envoy. 9. 2 iku, field of Ediri, its GEŠ-UD, barley: 10. Ur-Inanna. 11. Standing at the nesag (first fruits?). 12. Field of Ediri, DAG-gub₃.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0650
1. Lu-Enlila [and] 2. Ur-Enlila, the mer[chant], 3. litigated with one another 4. on account of 10 shekels of sil[ver]. 5. Lugal-gesh, 6. governor of Adab, 7. set right the case of Ur-Enlila; 8. he (had him) pronounce a prayer(?). 9. 1 shekel of sil[ver ......] 10. [...] ašgi [......] 11. Šu-[i?] 12. (was) the commissioner.
Law
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0660
(Beginning of each line broken) 1. [...] courtyard, ŠU(?) [...] 2. [...] Šeš-šeš 3. [1(?)] chief lamentation priest, [...] 4. [...] chief boatman 5. [...] Sag-ad-gal 6. [...] envoy of E-duga 7. [...] envoy, [...] 8. 1 <gur>: E-pa'e 9. and Ur-Ašgi, 10. they are gardeners; 11. 1: Ur-GAN-IŠ 12. and Lugal-KA; 13. 1: Subira.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0663
Obverse 1. 10 workmen [......] 2. their barley: 2 gur (by the) Agade (measure) [...] 3. their oil: 5 sila 4. their hire: 10 shekels of silver 5. it is (for) 1 month 6. from Adab. Reverse 7. Total: 1/2 [mina, n shekels of silver] 8. Total: 7 gur of barley (by the) Agade (measure) 9. Total: 2 ban of oil 10. Outstanding: GISSU 11. house? [......]
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0666
Obverse 1. 1 KU si-sa2 ni-na, 2. its weight: 50 minus 2 shekels (= 48 shekels); 3. 1 KU si-sa2 ni-na, 4. its weight: 1/3 (mina) [16 shekels]; 5. 1 SAG×U ni-na, 6. its weight: 1/2 mina. Reverse 7. Total: 2 minas minus 6 shekels of ni-na. 8. Dugani, 9. the merchant: 10. delivery.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0669
1. 2 gur less 7 sila of barley, 2. 1 gur 2 ban 5 sila of emmer: 3. Ur-Iškur. 4. 10 gur of barley: 5. Mesag. 6. [......] 7. [......] x [......] 8. 4 gur ... [of] barley, 9. 3 [......] gur of emmer. 10. He counted (it) at one (time). 11. 50 gur 3 barig [......] gur: 12. the brewery of the governor. 13. 9 gur [......]: the kitchen of the governor. 14. [Total: x +] 2 gur 2 barig 2 sila of barley.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0676
Obverse 1. 1 (man): Lu-dingira, 2. servant of the king; 3. 1 (man): Barra-dingir, 4. brother of Mesag; 5. 1 (man): Lugal-entarsu; 6. 1 (man): Iqbi-gi, 7. brother of Beli-laba; 8. [1 (man): ...]-šarrum. Reverse 9. Total: 5 workmen; 10. they are [scr]ibes(?).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0684
1. 1,525 gur, 1 barig, 3 ban of barley (written 2×600 + 5×60 + 2×10 + 5 gur, 1 barig 3 ban): 2. Enabzu (was) the commissioner. 3. 1,020 less 9 (= 1,011) gur of barley (written 1×600 + 7×60 minus 9 gur): 4. field Zatil, 5. field GAN2-IŠ; 6. Inima (was) the commissioner. 7. [...] 227 gur, 1 barig of barley (written [...] 3×60 + 4×10 + 7 gur, 1 barig). 8. [Grand total]: 431 gur, 1? barig, 3 ban, 5 sila of barley (written 7×60 + 1×10 + 1 gur ...). 9. Grand total: 1 mina 4 shekels, 1/4 (shekel) and 2 1/2 grains of silver, the rent (or interest) of the field. 10. Grand total: 43 sheep; sheep for sil…
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0692
(Lines numbered consecutively for reference; the edition does not mark obverse/reverse.) 1. 20? [nindan ......] 2. nu-[......] 3. 51? [nindan ......] 4. 51 [nindan]: Lu-[......] 5. 51 [nindan]: Ur-sa 6. 50 [......]-gissu 7. 50? [nindan]: [......]-tur 8. Total: 615 rods (nindan) of dike, 9. field of the Great Pig-house. 10. Enannatum; 11. [its] commissioner: 12. Lugal-šaza-[......].
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0693
(Beginning destroyed: three lines lost) [...] [...] [...] household of Gab-[...]; 1 garden: Nar-[...]; 1 garden: Lu-banda; household of Dada; 1 garden: Ur-mes, (at) the Mound of Bilgames; 2 gardens: Nippur; 1 garden: Ur-Ba[...]; [1] [garden]: Pirig-nam; [...] 1 garden: Ur-[...]; Total: [n ...]-sag.
Economy