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Page 1 / 73
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Disk of Enheduanna
The literary tradition is no longer anonymous from this point. Authorship — the idea that a specific human voice composes a specific work — enters the historical record with her.
Religion & MythWriting & Literature~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Man-ištušu 1
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 14
(1) ... installed it in the temple of Enlil. (3) At that time Su’āš-takal, the estate administrator of the king was its leader; Irina-badbi was the temple administrator of Enlil.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2001
(1) Narām-Suen, king of Agade, king of the four quarters: Irina-badbi, temple administrator of Enlil, is your servant.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2018
(1) To Ningublaga of Asug-ĝišdua, Išṭup-ilum, his estate administrator dedicated this (plaque) for the well-being of Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, and for the well-being of En-men-ana.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2019 / CDLI Seals 001417 (CDLI Seals 001417 (physical))
(1) En-men-ana: Ursi, the doorkeeper, is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2020 / CDLI Seals 005992 (CDLI Seals 005992 (composite))
(1) Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, En-men-ana, the en-priestess of Nanna, his child: ..., the scribe, is her slave.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written at his left side.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 18 (Sumerian)
(1) Rimuš, king of the world: Since the dawn of time no one had ever fashioned a tin statue for Enlil, (but now) Rimuš, king of the world fashioned a tin statue of himself and set it up before Enlil. He counted himself among the gods. (20) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may Enlil and Utu uproot him and destroy his lineage! (colophon 1, 1) Inscription of a šahum cauldron. (colophon 2, 1) Inscription ... of Rimuš.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 2001
(1') To ..., ..., ... of Šuruppak, chosen by Sud in the heart, whose name was proclaimed by Nin-ĝidru, ... for the well-being of his king, Rimuš, king of the world.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Šar-kali-šarri 4 (Sumerian)
(1) Enlil spoke: He gave all ... to Šar-kali-šarri, the powerful king, cup-bearer of Enlil, king of Akkad, king of Enlil's people. After he had arrived at the source of the Tigris and the Euphrates, he himself dedicated this (object) to Enlil in Nibru. (colophon 1, 1) The number of its (lines) is six.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 02
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. It was written in front of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 06
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written on the socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on the shoulder of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 07
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 11 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of the world, was victorious in 34 battles. He demolished all city walls as far as the shore of the sea. He moored the ships of Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun at the quay of Agade. (14) In Tuttul, Šarrukin, the king, prostrated himself before Dagan and prayed to him. (Dagan then) gave him the Upper land, (including) Mari, Yarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the cedar forests and the mountains of precious metal. (29) In the presence of Šarrukin, the king whom Enlil made a man without opponent, 13 (units) of troops eat daily. (38) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may An obliterate h…
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 12
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 13
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 15
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 16
(1) Enheduana, the zirru-priestess, Nanna's spouse, child of Šarrukin, king of the world, erected an altar in the temple of Inana-ZAZA in Urim. She named it “The altar is An's table”.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2001
(1') ..., the estate adminstrator of Tašlultum, Šarrukin's spouse, ... for the well-being ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2003 / CDLI Seals 001436 (CDLI Seals 001436 (physical))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: Ilum-palil is her hairdresser.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2004 / CDLI Seals 001437 (CDLI Seals 001437 (physical))
(1) Adda, steward of En-hedu-ana.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2005 / CDLI Seals 012025 (CDLI Seals 012025 (composite))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: ... is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2006add
(1) To Šara of the E-mah, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2007add
(1) To Šara of the Abzu-banda, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a…
Daily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically refe…
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after…
Religion & Myth
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/2, pl. 140, 1971-349
Obverse 1. 20 gur of barley, (measured in) the gur-sag-gal₂ (unit): 2. Gala, the chief carpenter. 3. 20 (gur): Ur-e, the leather-worker; 4. 20 (gur): Inim-Utu; 5. 20 (gur): En-anne, the SIG15@v; 6. (no amount written) Gala, the SIG15@v; 7. 20 (gur): Ad-kup-gal. 8. They are men of Nu-ira (?). 9. The farmer is its commissioner. (Reverse: uninscribed)
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/3, pl. 245, Bod S 295
Obverse: 2 barig of beer-bread (bappir), (by the measure of) Akkade; 2 barig of groats (nig-ar-ra); 2 barig of malt; 2 barig of flour; 2 ban of fine flour: Mama-hursag. Reverse: Total: 1 gur 3 barig 2 ban of flour, (by the) gur of Akkade; (including) 2 ban of fine flour. Year 3, month 7 (month-sign ITI×(UD×S×TIL)).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 340
Obverse 1 barig 3 ban of fine flour of Akkade(-type); 1 gur 1 barig of gu-flour; 3 gur of barley flour (dabin); 2 gur 3(?) ban of barley for malt flour; 2 ban ... [AN?] ... la ... (Lower edge / reverse, badly worn) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 barig(?) ... ... ... ... (for) 2 years (and) 2 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 009
Obverse 1. 2 jars of beer, (each) 5 ban, 2. 2 jars of beer, (each) 3 ban: 3. extra ne-sag offering. Reverse 4. Total: 2 barig 4 ban, their barley (equivalent). 5. Year 6, month 8.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 012
2 sheep, "chosen by the heart" (i.e. selected for offering); 1 lamb, the portion of UD-ḪUB2; 1 lamb, (for) Dumuzi; 1 lamb, (for) Lugal-pa'e; 1 sheep, (for) the cook; 5 lambs, (for) the Abzu; [1]1 sheep, kid(?), returned (šu-gi4-gi4); Total: 14 sheep, 10 minus 1 (= 9) lambs. Expenditure (booked out).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 202
[...] ... [...] 1 (male worker): Kal-la(?) [...] 1: Me-pa-x(?) 1: Ur-[...] 1: Lugal-maškim [1]: Lu-[...] [1]: Lu₂ [...] [...] Pa-geš-[...] Its inspection was carried out. 7 years, 5 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 203
2 iku (GAN₂) 30 sar — barley ... ..., son of Adda [...] 2 sar — barley: Aš-e [n] iku [...] barley Adda-iri 2 iku, barley: Di-sude, the cook 5 (+ n) iku, barley: Ur-Ninkitušgub, the minister (sukkal) 2 iku of the "surplus field" (e₂-diri), its geš-UD — barley: Ur-Inanna, stationed at the nesag-offering. (reverse) Field of the "surplus field" (e₂-diri): DAG-gub.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0660
(obverse) [...] courtyard, hand(?) [...] [...] Šeš-šeš [1 gur?], the chief lamentation-priest [...] [...] the chief boatman [...] Sag-ad-gal [...] the vizier of the E-duga [...] the vizier [...] 1 (gur) — E-pa'e and Ur-Ašgi: they are the gardeners. 1 (gur) — Ur-GAN₂-IŠ and Lugal-KA. 1 (gur) — Su-bir-a.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0663
10 workmen [...] Their barley: 2 gur, (by the measure of) Agade. Their oil: 5 sila. Their wages: 10 shekels of silver. For 1 month. From Adab. Total: 1/2 [mina, n shekels of silver]. Total: 7 gur of barley, (by the measure of) Agade. Total: 2 ban of oil. Remainder(?): Gissu. The house(?) [...]
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0666
1 ku-object of the si-sa₂ type, of ni-na — its weight: 50 minus 2 shekels (= 48 shekels). 1 ku-object of the si-sa₂ type, of ni-na — its weight: 1/3 (mina and) [16 shekels]. 1 SAG×U-object of ni-na — its weight: 1/2 mina. Total: 2 mina minus 6 shekels of ni-na. Du-ga-ni, the merchant. Delivery (mu-kux).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0669
Obverse 2 gur less 7 sila of barley, 1 gur 2 ban 5 sila of emmer: Ur-Iškur. 10 gur of barley: Me-sag. [...] [...] ... [...] Reverse 4 gur ... of barley, 3 gur [...] of emmer — as one (sum) it was reckoned. 50 gur 3 barig [...]: the brewery of the governor. 9 gur (10 less 1) [of ...]: the kitchen of the governor. [Total: x+]2 gur 2 barig 2 sila of barley.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0676
1 (person): Lu-dingira, servant of the king. 1: Bar-ra-dingir, brother of Me-sag. 1: Lugal-entarsu. 1: Iqbi-gi, brother of Beli-laba. [1: ...]-šarrum. (reverse) Total: 5 workmen. [Scribe?]s they are.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0684
Obverse 1,525 gur 1 barig 3 ban2 of barley — En-abzu (was) the commissioner. 1,011 gur of barley (1,020 less 9) — field Za-til, field GAN2-ISZ: Inim-ma (was) the commissioner. [...] 227 gur 1 barig of barley. [Grand total:] 431 gur 1 barig 3 ban2 5 sila of barley. Grand total: 1 mina 4 shekels, one-quarter (shekel), 2½ grains of silver — the interest/rent of the field. Grand total: 43 sheep — sheep (paid in) silver, sheep (paid in) barley: 22½. pa-LAGAB-pa-LAGAB-ba (unexplained entry) [...] stationed (present). [...] it is.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0692
Obverse 20 [...] nu-[...] 51 [...] 51 Lu-[...] 51 Ur-sa 50 [...] Gissu 50 [...]-tur Reverse Total: 615 ninda (of) levee. Field of the House of the Great Pigs. En-anna-tum; its commissioner: Lugal-ša-za-[...]
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0693
(Break — beginning lost) [...] [...] [...] the house of Gab-[...]; 1 orchard: Nar-[...]; 1 orchard: Lu-banda; the house of Dada; 1 orchard: Ur-mes; the mound of Bilgames (Gilgamesh); 2 orchards: Nippur; 1 orchard: Ur-ba-[...]; [1 orchard:] Pirig-nam; (line broken) 1 orchard: Ur-[...]; Total(?): [n ...]-sag.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0695
10 less 1 (= 9) nisqu (choice-quality ones), 30 less 3 (= 27) šadu, foreman: Enlila. 1 mašada-boat, [1] lead boat ... ... (Break) (This is) what [PN] says: to my master speak — let him give (them) to you!
Daily LifeEconomy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0696
1 (man): Da-akkil, 1 (man): Utu-saga, 1 (man): Ur-Enlila, 1 (man): Girini — foreman: Da-akkil. 1 (man): Idi-i7, 1 (man): Išarrum, 1 (man): Inima, <1 (man)>: Ur-nigar — foreman: Idi-i7.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Adab 0698
(obverse) [2 ban] less 2 sila (and) 5 shekels of [barley], gur(-measure): regular offerings (sa₂-du₁₁). Barley that is on hand (gal₂-la). Deficit (la₂-ia₃): 10 gur, 1 barig, 1 ban (and) 5 sila of emmer. (remainder of obverse and the reverse uninscribed)
Economy