Chapter 05 · 2000 – 1600 BCE
Old Babylonian
Hammurabi, the Epic of Gilgamesh, mathematics.

~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Gungunum 4
“(1) Gungunum, king of Larsam, king of Sumer and Akkad.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002017/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Gungunum 5add
“(i 1) When An and Enlil granted the rule over Sumer and Akkad and the leadership of the Amorite lands fully to Utu in Larsam, then Gungunum, powerful man, king of Larsam, farmer of Urim, avenger of the E-babbar, king of Sumer and Akkad, powerful heir of Samium, built the great city wall of Larsa, its name is “Utu is the vanquisher of the rebellious lands”. (ii 2) By my surpassing expertise I did drain the swamps of my city. I did make its bricks and complete the great city wall in a single year. I did make the Euphrates flow right through the middle of my city. (ii 10) In those days, during…”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q004449/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Rim-Sin I 2001
“(1) Iltani, daughter of Ilum-bani, presented (this) dish for the well-being of Rim-Sin, king of Larsam (and) for her own well-being to Inana of Zabalam.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002166/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Sumu-El 1
Attests Sumu-El's construction of a sacred storehouse for Inana at Ur, anchoring his reign within the tradition of royal temple-building that legitimised kingship across the Ur III and Isin-Larsa periods.
“(1) For Inana, his lady, Sumu-El, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of Sumer and Akkad, built her holy storehouse in Urim.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002032/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Sumu-El 2
Attests Sumu-El's construction of Nanaya's temple E-ituda at Ur, anchoring the goddess's early cultic presence in that city within the dynastic building program of an Old Babylonian king.
“(1) For Nanaya, the lady with perfect allure, Sumu-El, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of Sumer and Akkad, built her E-ituda, temple that fills her heart with joy in Urim.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002033/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Sumu-El 2002
Dedicatory inscription naming Sumu-El as king of Ur to the moon-god's consort Ningal: one of the surviving votive texts anchoring the reign of this understudied Isin-Larsa ruler.
“(1) To Ningal, his lady, ... for the well-being of Sumu-El, the powerful man, king of Urim ....”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002035/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Sumu-El 2003 / CDLI Seals 012803 (CDLI Seals 012803 (composite))
“(i 1) Sumu-El, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of Sumer and Akkad: Lu-Ninšubur, the scribe, child of Kudanum, is your servant.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002036/
Read the full tablet entry~1850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses
Sumu-El 2007 / CDLI Seals 012045 (CDLI Seals 012045 (composite))
“(1) Kug-Lugalbanda, šita-eša priest of Ningal, child of Nasilim, servant of Sumu-el.”
Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q002040/
Read the full tablet entry