Position in chronology
Edinburgh 20
Translation — curated editorial
EditorialEditorial entry — translation cited from: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P453251.
Transliteration
_1/2(disz) gin2 ku3-babbar_ _sza3-ba gu2-un a!-sza3_ _mu-kux(DU)_ ku-ub-bu-rum nam-ha-ar-ti# lu2-asar-lu2-hi# _iti diri sze-sag11-ku5 u4 8(disz)-kam_ _mu_ am-mi-s,a-du-qa2 _lugal ki-lugal:gub i3-mah-[a]_
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)) — Edinburgh 20. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (P453251) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P453251..
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.