Position in chronology
CDLI Literary 000351, ex. 096
Translation — curated editorial
EditorialEditorial entry — translation cited from: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P356460.
Transliteration
[...] musz#-e#-esz2# eme#-[...] nin-urta lugal en-lil2#-[...] ur-sag szu2-usz-gal lu2#-[...] nin-urta ni2-giz-zux(MI)#-zu# [...] szur2 ki-bala-sze3 tum3 ukkin-bi dul-dul# nin-urta lugal dumu a-a-ni [...] su3-ud-bi-sze3# [...] gu#-za# bara#-mah#-[...]
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)) — CDLI Literary 000351, ex. 096. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (P356460) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P356460..
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Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.