Position in chronology
Erišum I 06
Translation · reference
High confidence(1) Er[i]šum (I), vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur. (7) For (the god) Aššur, his lord, for his life, and the life of his city, he built the temple (and) all of the temple area for (the god) Aššur.
Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005626/
Translation · AI engine
read from photoErišum, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Ilum-šumma, vice-regent of Aššur — for Aššur, his lord, for his (own) life and the life of his city, the temple in its entirety he restored; for Aššur he built (it).
5 uncertain terms ↓
- i-sà-re — Verbal form from wašārum / ešērum ('to make straight, restore, put in order'); sometimes rendered 'he rebuilt' or 'he renovated'. Grayson RIMA 1 translates 'renovated'. The exact nuance — fresh construction vs. restoration of an earlier structure — is debated.
- gi-me-er-ti — Akkadian gimertum, 'totality, entirety'. Could be rendered 'completely' (adverbial) or 'in its entirety' (nominal). Both readings are grammatically possible.
- DUMU DINGIR-šum-ma — Transliterated as 'son of Ilum-šumma'; DINGIR here is the logogram for ilum ('god'), giving the personal name Ilum-šumma ('God-has-given-a-name'). Erišum I was son of Ilum-šumma (Ilushuma), the preceding ruler of Aššur.
- ÉNSI — Sumerian logogam rendered iššiakku in Akkadian, conventionally translated 'vice-regent' (of Aššur). The museum label uses the older Sumerological term 'patesi'. 'Governor' is also encountered in older literature.
- É-ti — bīt(i) — 'the temple/house'. The reference is to Ešarra, the temple of Aššur at the city of Aššur, as confirmed by the museum label and parallel inscriptions.
Reasoning ↓
Photo examination (Layer 1): The fragment is a fired-brick inscription mounted on a museum plinth (BM 90809, from Kalat Shergat / ancient Aššur). The inscribed face shows a ruled rectangular panel of approximately six to seven horizontal lines of Old Assyrian cuneiform wedges. The upper-left corner of the brick is missing, causing lacunae at the beginnings of several upper lines. The wedges are shallow and the surface is weathered, making individual sign identification difficult at this resolution; however, the characteristic vertical strokes of ÉNSI (patesi) and some of the horizontal wedge-clusters consistent with the divine name dAššur are recognisable in the lower lines. The overall layout — ruled box, dense sign-groups separated by division marks (the slashes in the transliteration) — accords with known Erišum brick-inscription formats. Cross-check (Layer 2): The transliteration supplied is the standard composite for Erišum I brick inscription ORACC Q005626. My photo reading cannot individually confirm every sign due to resolution and erosion, but nothing visible on the brick contradicts the transliteration; the number of lines and the general sign density are consistent. 'i-sà-re' (išārū / issar) as 'he restored/made straight/put in order' is the main interpretive crux; the rendering 'restored' follows Grayson RIMA 1 A.0.33.6. The museum label's description ('recording the construction of the temple Esharra, for the welfare of the city') broadly matches, though the label does not distinguish 'restore' from 'build'. Period catalogued as Old Babylonian but the reign of Erišum I falls in the Old Assyrian period (c. 1974–1935 BCE by the middle chronology).
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3108 in / 983 out tokens
Why it matters
Attests Erišum I's construction of Aššur's temple in the god's own city, anchoring the earliest stratum of Assyrian royal piety and the vice-regent (iššiak Aššur) titulature that defined Old Assyrian kingship.
Transliteration
i-⸢ri⸣-šu-um / ÉNSI / da-šur / DUMU DINGIR-šum-ma / ÉNSI / a-šur / a-na a-šur / be-lí-šu / ⸢a⸣-na ba-la-ṭì-šu / ⸢ù⸣ ba-la-aṭ / a-li-šu / É-ti / gi-me-er-ti / i-sà-re / a-na a-šur / i-pu-uš
Scholarly note
Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005626.
Attribution
Image: BM 090809 (British Museum, London, UK) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts, P428363). source
Translation excerpted from Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005626/.
Related tablets
Related sources
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.
The oldest surviving law code in human history. The principle that the state — not the wronged family — defines and enforces justice begins here.
Not the first law code, but the most complete and the most famous. Inscribed on a black diorite stele over two meters tall, displayed in a public place — law made visible, law made monumental.