Position in chronology
Sargon II 125
Translation — scholar edition
RINAP 2(i 1) [For] the goddess Ištar, mistress of the lands, (most) eminent of the gods, [(most) valiant] of the goddesses, [...] fierce, terrifying deluge, [(...) who] is endowed with [...] (i 5) [...] ... majestic, [...] awe, [...] ... the firmament (of the heavens), [...] ... [...] humble, (i 10) [... who give]s judgment and decision, [...] purification rites, [...] which is inside Uruk, [the great lady], his lady: (i 14) [Sargon (II), king of Assy]ria, king of the world, governor of Babylon, [king of (the land of) Sume]r and Akkad, prince who provides for her, (i 16) [For the sake of ensuring]…
Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period, volume 2 — scholar edition (ORACC).
Transliteration
[a-na] ⸢dINANNA⸣ be-let KUR.KUR ti-iz-qar-ti DINGIR.MEŠ / [qa-rit-ti?] i-la-a-ti1 / [x x x (x x)] ⸢a⸣-bu-bu ez-zu šug-lu-tu / [x x x (x x)] x za-aʾ-na-át / [x x x (x x)] QAR TI šag-ga-pur-tu2 / [x x x (x x)] pul-ḫa-a-ti / [x x x (x x)] x Ú ŠAT bu-ru-mu / [x x x (x x)] ⸢AḪ?⸣ ZU-šu-un ⸢ŠI? DA? AT?⸣ / [x x x x (x)] šá aš-rum / [x x (x) ga-mi]-⸢ra?⸣-át šip-ṭu u EŠ.BAR3 / [x x x (x x)] šu-luḫ-ḫu / [x…
Scholarly note
Royal inscription of Sargon II, edited by Grant Frame (RINAP 2, 2021). ORACC text Q006605.
Attribution
Image: Created by Grant Frame and the Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP) Project, 2019. Adapted for RINAP Online by Joshua Jeffers and Jamie Novotny and lemmatized by Giulia Lentini, Nathan Morello, and Jamie Novotny, 2019, for the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation-funded OIMEA Project at the Historisches Seminar - Abteilung Alte Geschichte of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0..
Translation excerpted from Frame, G. 2021. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC). RINAP 2. University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap2/Q006605/.
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.