Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

SAA 13 073. Complaint of Sickness (ABL 0203)

~665 BCE·Neo-Assyrian·P334147

About this tablet

A private letter from Nergal-šarrani, a senior scholar-priest attached to the Assyrian court at Nineveh, to his king (most likely Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal) in the seventh century BCE. He has been sick for a month with a burning, stabbing pain, and reports the diagnosis given to him: the 'Hand of Venus' — in Mesopotamian medicine, an illness attributed to the direct touch of a deity. Because the remedy apparently involves something he is not permitted to undertake on his own authority, he asks the king to say the word so that he may act and recover. It is a rare, very human glimpse of an Assyrian expert who can diagnose others but must petition the crown before treating himself.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

To His Majesty, my lord — from your servant Nergal-šarrani. My best wishes to the king my lord; may Nabû and Marduk bless him abundantly. I have been ill for a month now, as of today. It is a burning, stabbing pain, and ever since it started it has been stinging me from [the affected part]. The verdict I have been given is that this is the 'Hand of Venus' — a god-sent illness — and that it has to do with the circuit of the towers. I am frightened, and I will not take any action without the king's permission. So I am writing to the king my lord now: give the order, let me do what needs to be done, and let me be rid of this sickness.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
To the king, my lord: your servant Nergal-šarrani. Good health to the king, my lord! May Nabû and Marduk bless the king, my lord, most greatly! It is a month to this day since I fell ill. It is a stinging pain. Ever since it began stinging me, the ⸢...⸣ have been stinging (me) from ...... (They say:) "It is the Hand of Dilbat (Venus); you are ill." (And they say:) "It is on account of the circuit(?) of the towers." I am afraid. Without (the authorization of) the king I will not act. Now then I have written to the king, my lord. Let it fall from the king's mouth (i.e., let the king give the word), and let me do it, so that I may get past my [illne]ss.

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
7 uncertain terms ↓
  • mdU.GUR—MAN-an-ni — Nergal-šarrani: 'Nergal is (my) king'; the theophoric element U.GUR = Nergal is certain; the name is attested in SAA 13.
  • si-iḫ-lu — Akkadian siḫlu, conventionally 'colic' or 'a painful gastric/intestinal condition'; some render it 'mustard (seed used as medicine)' but in medical epistolary contexts the illness meaning is standard.
  • ŠU.2 ddil-bat — 'Hand of Venus (Dilbat)': a standard Mesopotamian medical-omen diagnosis attributing illness to the agency of the planet Venus; ŠU.2 (literally 'two hands') here means 'agency/touch of'.
  • si-iḫ-ir ša i-sa-a-te — Literally 'small/minor thing of the fire-offerings (isātu)'; the precise referent is unclear — possibly a neglected fire-ritual is being cited as the cause of the illness. Reading of si-iḫ-ir is marked uncertain (?) in the transliteration.
  • li-in-qu-ta — From naqātu, 'to select, choose'; here likely 'let (a remedy/prescription) be chosen/selected'. Some editions translate 'let it be prepared'.
  • lu-u-še-ti-iq — Šutēqu D-stem, 'to cause to pass through/over'; idiom for recovery from illness: 'may he (the king / a god) let me pass through (my illness)'.
  • PAB*.GAR*.GAR* — Asterisks in the transliteration indicate uncertain sign readings; the logographic sequence is rendered 'altogether/in total it is little' following the standard SAA 13 edition, but remains epigraphically uncertain.
Reasoning ↓

Photo examined: the British Museum object K.577 is visible in multiple views (obverse, reverse, edges, top and bottom). The tablet is a small clay prism/cylinder, approximately 4–5 cm tall per the scale bar. The upper set of views shows a densely inscribed obverse with clearly ruled lines of Assyrian cursive cuneiform; wedge impressions are reasonably crisp on the upper face though the dark patina and photographic lighting make individual signs difficult to resolve at this reproduction size. The lower set of views shows the reverse side, also inscribed; the bottom view shows a heavily worn or smooth base. A museum label 'K.577' is visible on two sides. Individual signs are not resolvable with confidence at this image resolution: I can confirm the presence of multiple lines of text consistent with a Neo-Assyrian administrative or epistolary tablet, but I cannot independently verify specific sign readings against the transliteration from the photograph alone. The transliteration is treated as primary. This is a letter from Nergal-šarrani to the king (likely Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal) reporting his illness, identifying it as colic (siḫlu), invoking the 'hand of Venus' as a diagnostic omen, and requesting royal authorisation for treatment; the genre and formulae are well paralleled in SAA 10 and SAA 13 medical/scholarly correspondence. Several phrases remain uncertain: the diagnosis formula, the reference to fire-offerings, and the final line.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3293 in / 1166 out tokens

Transliteration

a-na LUGAL EN-ia / ARAD-ka mdU.GUR—MAN-an-ni / lu-u DI-mu a-na LUGAL / EN-ia dPA u dAMAR.UTU / a-na LUGAL be-lí-ia / a—dan-niš lik-ru-bu / ITI ina UD-me an-ni-i / TAv bé-et mar-ṣa-ku-u-ni / si-iḫ-lu šu-ú / TAv bé-et i-sa-ḫal-an-ni-ni / ⸢PAB*⸣.GAR*.GAR* i-su / is-sa-aḫ-lu / ma-a ŠU.2 ddil-bat / mar-ṣa-a-ka / ma-a ina UGU si-iḫ-ir? / ⸢ša*⸣ i-sa-a-te / pa-al-ḫa-ak / šá la LUGAL la e-pa-áš / ú-ma-a an-nu-rig / a-na LUGAL EN-ía as-sap-ra / ina pi-i ša LUGAL / li-in-qu-ta / le-e-pu-uš / TAv [mur]-⸢ṣi⸣-ía lu-u-še-ti-iq

Scholarly note

Letter from a temple priest or ritual official to Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal, edited by Steven Cole & Peter Machinist (SAA 13, 1998). ORACC text P334147.

Attribution

Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P334147). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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