Position in chronology
Tukulti-Ninurta I 03
Translation — scholar edition
RIAo(1) [Tukultī-Nin]urta (I), king of the world, [strong king, king of] Assyria, [king of kings], lord of lords, [king of the four quarters (of the world)], conqueror of [the rebellious] — those who do not submit to him (and) [who are hostile] to the god Aššur — crusher of [the lands Uqu]manî [and Papḫû] — difficult mountain (regions) — [defeater of the rulers] of the land Qutû, [as far as the land Me]ḫri, disperser of [the forces of the land] Šubarû [to (its) full extent], together with the remote [Na]ʾiri [lands, as far as] the border of Makan, [capturer of] the four quarters (of the world)…
Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online — scholar edition (ORACC / MOCCI).
Transliteration
[mGIŠ.tukul-ti-dnin]-urta MAN KIŠ / [MAN dan-nu MAN] KUR aš-šur / [MAN MAN].MEŠ EN EN.MEŠ / [MAN kib-rat] ⸢4?⸣ ka-ši-id / [mul-tar]-⸢ḫi⸣ la ma-gi-ri-⸢šú⸣ / [za-e-ru-ut] da-šur da-iš / [KUR.ú-qu]-ma-ni-i / [ù pap-ḫi-i] ⸢pu⸣-šuq ḫur-šá-ni / [né-ir ma-al-ki] šá qu-ti-i / [a-di KUR.me-eḫ]-ri mu-se-pi-iḫ / [el-le-et KUR].šu-ba-ri-i / [a-di pa-aṭ gim]-ri it-ti / [KUR.KUR na]-⸢i⸣-ri né-su-ut / [pa-da-ni…
Scholarly note
Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005839.
Attribution
Image: Based on A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC) (RIMA 1), Toronto, 1987. Adapted by Jamie Novotny (2015-16) and lemmatized and updated by Nathan Morello (2016) for the Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), a corpus-building initiative funded by LMU Munich and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (through the establishment of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair for Ancient History of the Near and Middle East) and based at the Historisches Seminar - Abteilung Alte Geschichte of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/riao/Q005839/..
Translation excerpted from Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005839/.
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.