Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Tiglath-pileser I 02

~1300 BCE·Middle Assyrian·Q005927

About this tablet

This is the opening of a royal inscription of Tiglath-pileser I, king of Assyria around 1100 BCE — the formal roll-call of the great gods with which Assyrian kings prefaced their accounts of building works and campaigns. Aššur, Enlil, Sîn, Šamaš, Adad and Ninurta are each named with their standing epithets: the giver of sceptre and crown, the keeper of the tablets of destinies, the judge of heaven and earth, the storm-god who floods enemy lands. The photographed piece, K.2804 from the British Museum's Nineveh collections, is one of several broken clay witnesses from which modern scholars have pieced together the composite text; the edition here is reconstructed, so much of it sits inside brackets. Such prologues were not decoration — they were the legal charter of Assyrian kingship, grounding the king's authority in the direct grant of the gods.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

The inscription opens by naming the gods who back the king. Aššur, the great lord, orders all the gods and hands out the sceptre and crown that make a king a king. Enlil is lord of everything, king of the whole company of the Anunnaku gods, father of the gods, master of all lands. Sîn holds the tablets of destinies and rides high as the crescent moon. Šamaš judges heaven and earth, detects the enemy's double-dealing and drags the wicked into the open. Adad, the warrior, floods hostile territories, lands and seas alike. Then comes Ninurta, the valiant — and there the surviving text breaks off.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
[The god Aššur, the great lord, who properly administers all the gods, giver of the sceptre] and the crown, who establishes kingship; [the god Enlil, lord?] of all, [king of the] totality of the A[nunnaku gods, father of the god]s, lord of the lands; [the god Sîn, ...] the one entrusted with the tablets of destinies, [...] the exalted crescent; [the god Šamaš, judge of heaven and earth, who spies out] the treachery of the ene[my], who exposes the wicked; [the god Adad, the hero, who devastates the regions] of the enemies, the lands, (and) the seas; [the god Nin]urta, the valiant one … (The text breaks off here; the remainder of the divine invocation and the royal titulary that followed are not preserved in the portion transliterated.)

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • dMÁ.GUR₈The logogram MÁ.GUR₈ usually denotes the sacred processional boat of Marduk; here used as a divine epithet or perhaps the deity Mār-bīti. Some editors read this as an epithet of Sîn or Marduk rather than a separate divine name. Cannot verify from photo.
  • pu-qu-du DUB-NAM.MEŠ-teLiterally 'who oversees the tablets of destinies (ṭuppi šīmāti)'; the verb paqādu here means 'to entrust/oversee.' The phrase is a standard epithet of Sîn as keeper of fate-tablets, but the beginning of the line is broken.
  • ša-qu-úPartially broken; restored as 'exalted' (šaqû). Alternative restoration possible depending on parallel manuscripts.
  • ra-ḫi-iṣ kib-rat KÚR.MEŠLiterally 'who inundates/sweeps away the (four) quarters of enemy lands'; rahāṣu can mean 'to flood over' or 'to trample.' The phrase is a standard martial epithet of Adad, but the full line is heavily restored.
  • mu-še-eb-ru ṣe-niLiterally 'who makes the flock cross (safely)'; šēnu = flock/sheep. This is an epithet of Šamaš as shepherd-god and divine judge, but 'guides the flock' is an interpretive rendering.
  • kiš-šu-ti / kiš-šatkiššatu ('totality, universe') and kiššūtu ('sovereignty, supremacy') are related but distinct. The transliteration uses both forms in different lines, correctly distinguishing Aššur's cosmic role from Enlil's political sovereignty.
Reasoning ↓

Photo examination: The image shows six fragments of a clay tablet (British Museum K.2804, labelled 'T-P.' — Tiglath-pileser). The obverse face of the uppermost central fragment is the most legible; roughly five lines of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform are visible, with relatively well-cut wedges though the surface is abraded at the right and upper edges. The middle large fragment (third row) shows approximately six lines of denser text, also readable but with significant erosion at the left margin, consistent with the heavy restorations in square brackets in the scholarly transliteration. The bottom fragment is badly worn and essentially blank/illegible on the exposed face. The right and left flanking pieces show only edge profiles with no readable signs. The visible sign clusters on the uppermost inscribed fragment are broadly consistent with the transliteration's divine name sequence (Aššur, Enlil, Sîn) and epithets, but resolution and angle are insufficient to verify individual sign values with confidence. The scholarly transliteration is drawn from a composite of multiple witnesses (ORACC Q005927), and the extensive lacunae reflect genuine breakage across all manuscript copies. This is a standard Neo-Assyrian royal prologue invoking the great gods as authorisers of kingship, well paralleled in Tiglath-pileser I annals (RIMA 2, A.0.87); restorations within brackets follow those parallels. The reading of dMÁ.GUR₈ as the divine barge (associated with Marduk's processional boat or a separate deity Mār-bīti) remains debated.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3309 in / 1146 out tokens

Why it matters

Preserves the divine invocation formula of Tiglath-pileser I, naming Aššur, Enlil, Sîn, Šamaš, and Adad as guarantors of Assyrian royal authority — a theological blueprint for Middle Assyrian kingship ideology.

Transliteration

[da-šur EN GAL muš-te-šìr kiš-šat DINGIR.MEŠ na-din GIŠ.GIDRU] ⸢ù⸣ a-ge-e mu-kín LUGAL-⸢ti⸣ / [dEN.LÍL EN?] kiš-šu-ti [šar gi]-⸢mir⸣ da-[nun-na-ki a-bu DINGIR].⸢MEŠ⸣ dEN KUR.KUR / [d30 ...] ⸢pu⸣-qu-du DUB-NAM.MEŠ-te [... ša]-qu-[ú] dMÁ.GUR₈ / [dUTU DI.KUD AN KI-ti ḫa-a-iṭ] ⸢ṣa⸣-al-pat a-a-[bi] mu-še-eb-ru ṣe-ni [dIŠKUR ur-ša-nu ra-ḫi-iṣ kib-rat] KÚR.MEŠ KUR.MEŠ AB.MEŠ-te / [dnin]-⸢urta⸣ qar-du…

Scholarly note

Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005927.

Attribution

Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P394684). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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