Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Shalmaneser I 09

~1300 BCE·Middle Assyrian·Q005797

About this tablet

A royal building inscription of Shalmaneser I, king of Assyria in the thirteenth century BCE, recording repairs to a city gate at Aššur — the gate named Šalibur-šalḫi, standing next to the 'House of the Statue' by the Gate of the god Aššur. The king names his father Adad-nārārī I and grandfather Arik-dīn-ili, states that the gate had fallen into ruin, and says he rebuilt it from foundation to battlements and buried his own inscribed record inside. The closing appeal — that some future ruler repair the building and leave the king's name where he put it — is standard Assyrian practice: royal masonry was also a bid for remembrance.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

Shalmaneser, chosen by Enlil and governor for the god Aššur, son of Adad-nārārī and grandson of Arik-dīn-ili — both governors for Aššur before him — records the following. The gate called Šalibur-šalḫi, which stands beside the House of the Statue at the Gate of Aššur, had been built long ago and had fallen into disrepair. He stripped out the ruined masonry, shored up what was weakened, and rebuilt the collapsed sections from the foundations up to the battlements, placing his own inscribed record inside. He asks that whichever ruler comes after him repair the building when it decays and keep his name where he wrote it. The text breaks off at that point in this excerpt.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
Shalmaneser (I), appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Adad-nārārī (I), vice-regent of Aššur, son of Arik-dīn-ili, (who was) also vice-regent of Aššur. At that time, (as for) the gate (called) Šalibur-šalḫi, which adjoins the House of the Statue of the Gate of the god Aššur, my lord, which had been built in former times — it had become dilapidated, and its dilapidated section(s) I cleared away; what was weakened I repaired, and what had collapsed, from its foundations to its crenellations I (re)built, and my commemorative inscription(s) I deposited (therein). May a future ruler renovate its dilapidated section(s) (and restore) my inscribed name … (The text continues beyond the portion transliterated here; the customary continuation is the blessing on the ruler who returns the royal name to its place and the curse on the one who removes it.)

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

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Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • šá-ak-ni dAB / ŠID aš-šuršākin Nabû and iššiakku Aššur are two distinct titles here; ŠID is the logogram for iššiakku, conventionally 'steward' or 'vice-regent of Aššur'. Some editions render šākin as 'appointee' or 'governor'; the distinction between the two lines is that the first titles him as šākin of Nabû and the second as iššiakku of Aššur.
  • KÁ.GAL-šá-li-bur-šal-ḫiGate name: šali-bur-šalḫi is typically parsed as a verbal sentence name, perhaps 'may he not abandon the fold/pen' (šalḫu = fold/enclosure). The spelling and exact etymology remain contested. Cannot fully verify from the photo.
  • SUḪUR É ṣa-al-meSUḪUR (Akkadian: išdu, 'base/foundation') + É ṣalmē = 'base/plinth of the cella-statues'. Some editors render as 'cult-image shrine' or 'statue-house'. The precise architectural function is debated.
  • gaba-dib-bi-šuLogographic compound: gaba = 'breast/chest', dib = 'to catch/hold'; standard architectural term for parapet, battlement, or crenellation. Also sometimes rendered 'cornice'. Transliteration matches RIMA 1 readings.
  • na-re-ianarû = commemorative stele or stone inscription. Here the king sets up his narû as a record of the work. Standard term in Assyrian royal building inscriptions.
  • šu-mi šaṭ-ra…Standard closing curse/blessing formula: 'my written name' — the text continues (likely: 'let him not efface; may Aššur and [gods] bless him') but is broken or not photographed. The ellipsis in the transliteration signals lacuna.
Reasoning ↓

Photo examination (Layer 1): The obverse (upper image, BM 1922-8-12-66 / 115691) shows a well-preserved, lightly fired clay tablet with clear horizontal rulings and neat Old Assyrian/Middle Assyrian wedge impressions. Approximately 18–20 lines are visible on the obverse; the surface shows minor erosion in the upper-left corner and a faint crack mid-field but no major lacunae. The reverse (lower image) is largely uninscribed in its lower half, with 3–4 lines of faint signs at the very bottom edge, consistent with a brief colophon. Layer 1 confirms signs in lines 1–3 matching the royal name m-dšal-ma-nu-SAG, the divine name d-AB (Nabû), the title ŠID (šākin/iššiakku), and DINGIR-Aššur. The gate name KÁ.GAL compound in line 5 is visible but crowded; cannot fully verify the internal spelling of šalibur-šalḫi from the photo alone. The building-account formulae (e-na-aḫ-ma, an-ḫu-sa, ak-še-er, uš-še-šu … gaba-dib-bi) are confirmed in broad outline by visible sign clusters. This is a standard Shalmaneser I building inscription (RIMA 1, A.0.77.9); the transliteration aligns with the published ORACC text Q005797. The title ŠID for iššiakku ('steward/vice-regent') follows convention for Middle Assyrian royal inscriptions. Confidence is medium rather than high because the gate name's internal orthography is partially obscured and the final line (šumi šaṭra…) is on the damaged lower edge.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3289 in / 1343 out tokens

Why it matters

Records Shalmaneser I's restoration of the Libūr-šalḫī Gate at Aššur, fixing the king's piety and building programme in the mid-13th century BCE, before Assyria's rise to full imperial power.

Transliteration

⸢m⸣dsál-ma-nu-SAG šá-ak-ni dAB / ⸢ŠID⸣ aš-šur / ⸢A⸣ dIŠKUR-ERIM.TÁḪ ŠID aš-šur / A GÍD-DI-DINGIR ŠID aš-šur-ma / e-nu-ma KÁ.GAL-šá-li-bur-šal-ḫi / šá SUḪUR É ṣa-al-me / šá KÁ aš-šur EN-ia / šá i-na pa-na ep-šu / e-na-aḫ-ma / an-ḫu-sa / ú-né-ki-ir / an-ša ak-še-er / ù ma-aq-ta iš-tu uš-še-šu / a-di gaba-dib-bi-šu / e-pu-uš / ù na-re-ia / aš-ku-un / NUN ar-ku-ú / an-ḫu-sa / lu-di-iš / šu-mi šaṭ-ra…

Scholarly note

Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005797.

Attribution

Image: BM 115691 (British Museum, London, UK) — from Assur (mod. Qalat Sherqat) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P452095). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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