Position in chronology
Eriba-Adad II 1
About this tablet
This is the opening of a royal inscription of Erība-Adad II, a short-reigned Assyrian king of the late second millennium BCE, son of Aššur-bēl-kala and grandson of Tiglath-pileser I. The surviving lines are pure titulary: a chain of grand epithets asserting that the king rules the whole world by the choice of Aššur, Ninurta and Enlil, and that his onslaught in battle terrifies the four quarters and makes the mountains themselves convulse. The physical fragment photographed here (K.2693, from the Kuyunjik collection at Nineveh) is one of the manuscript witnesses through which such texts survive — a broken clay tablet whose obverse still carries a dozen tight lines of script while most of the reverse is blank below a ruled line.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
Erība-Adad II styles himself king of the world, strong king, king of Assyria, ruler of all four quarters of the earth — the man singled out by the god Aššur, taken by the hand by Ninurta and picked out by the gaze of Enlil. He is the brave warrior who breaks the insubmissive and scatters the enemy's ranks, a mighty pillar of strength. When he attacks in force, the text says, the whole world is thrown into anguish, the mountains themselves convulse in labour, and his fierce enemies — here the text breaks off and the rest is lost.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engineErība-Adad (II), king of the world, [strong king, king of Assyria], king of all the four quarters, chosen [of the god Aššur, the pure(?) priest], the holy one, the one to whom the god Ninurta has stretched out his hand, [(the king) selected by] the eyes of the god Enlil, valiant young man, [the one who subdues] the insubmissive, the one who scatters [the (enemy) contingents, the arrogant one], the strong gišginû-support(?) which/of ... [...], the fierce ones, at whose [strong] belligerent attack the quarters (of the world) are put in dire distress, [and writhe] the mountains, and the fierce [enemies of his ...] (Here the transliteration breaks off; the tablet continues but is not preserved/supplied.)
Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo9 uncertain terms ↓
- mSU-dIŠKUR — Logographic writing of the royal name Eriba-Adad (literally 'Adad has replaced/compensated'); here Eriba-Adad II (king of Assyria, c. 1056–1054 BCE), distinguished from Eriba-Adad I (c. 1390–1364 BCE) by the regnal context.
- bi-⸢bíl⸣ [lìb-bi] — bībil libbi = 'heart's desire / beloved'; partially broken; restoration standard for Assyrian royal titulary.
- SANGA-ú — šangû = 'priest / temple administrator'; the restoration [SANGA-ú] here gives the epithet 'pure priest (of Aššur),' a common royal title; the sign is broken and the reading is restored.
- ti-ri-iṣ qa-at dMAŠ — tiriṣ qāt Ninurta = 'chosen/elect of the hand of Ninurta'; tiriṣ (also written tirṣu) means 'chosen, appointed'; dMAŠ = Ninurta.
- IGI.MEŠ dBAD — IGI.MEŠ = 'eyes'; dBAD = Enlil (logographic); 'pride/object-of-gaze of the eyes of Enlil' is a royal epithet attested in several Middle Assyrian texts.
- giš-gi-nu-⸢ú dan⸣-nu — giš-ginû dannu = 'strong/mighty giš-ginû'; giš-ginû (also gišginû) is a weapon type, possibly a type of spear or lance; the exact typology is debated in secondary literature.
- al-ṭu-te — alṭūtu (< alāṭu?) = 'fierce ones'; the word is used both as an epithet of the king and as a description of enemies; its precise morphological derivation is discussed but generally rendered 'fierce/ferocious.'
- UB.MEŠ ⸢ul-ta-nap⸣-ša-qa — UB.MEŠ = kibāru / ūbū = 'regions/corners (of the world)'; ul-ta-nap-ša-qa is the Gtn stem of našāqu 'to press / to kiss (the feet)'; alternatively 'to reach, to attain'; the reading of ⸢ul-ta-nap⸣ is partially broken and uncertain.
- [i-ḫi-il-lu] — iḫillu (< aḫālu?) = 'they quake/tremble'; fully restored from parallel; cannot be verified from the photograph.
Reasoning ↓
Visual examination of the photograph: The tablet (K.2693, British Museum) is photographed from multiple angles. The obverse (upper centre image) shows several lines of dense Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, largely legible in the upper portion but becoming more damaged and eroded toward the lower edges. The wedge impressions are moderately clear in the top half of the obverse; individual signs can be traced but not read at high confidence at this image resolution and scale. The reverse (lower centre) shows only faint traces of writing in a few lines near the top, with the remainder largely blank or too eroded to read; the surface appears considerably more damaged than the obverse. Side views show the tablet's thickness and minor chipping. The museum label 'K.2693' is visible on the left edge. Overall, the photo broadly corroborates the presence of multiple lines of royal titulary text on the obverse consistent with the transliteration, but individual sign verification is not possible at this resolution — especially for the heavily restored passages in square brackets. The transliteration is provided by ORACC (Q005998) and belongs to the corpus of Eriba-Adad II royal inscriptions; the titulary formulae are standard for Middle Assyrian royal building or dedicatory texts. Extensive restorations are required due to breakage along the right edge of the tablet, visible in the photo. The giš-ginû weapon epithet and the mountain-subduing topos are well paralleled in contemporary Assyrian royal inscriptions (cf. RIMA 1).
Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3306 in / 1382 out tokens
Why it matters
Preserves the titulary of Erība-Adad II, attesting the full fourfold royal ideology — king of the world, Assyria, and the four quarters — at the dawn of the Middle Assyrian imperial self-conception.
Transliteration
mSU-dIŠKUR LUGAL ⸢KIŠ⸣ [MAN dan-nu MAN KUR aš-šur?] / MAN kúl-lat kib-rat 4 bi-⸢bíl⸣ [lìb-bi aš-šur SANGA-ú?] / el-lu ti-ri-iṣ qa-at dMAŠ [(MAN) ni-iš] / IGI.MEŠ dBAD eṭ-lu qar-[du mu-la-iṭ] / la ma-gi-⸢ri mu⸣-pa-ri-[ru KI.ṢIR.MEŠ mu-ul-tar-ḫi] / giš-gi-nu-⸢ú dan⸣-nu ša x [...] / al-ṭu-te ⸢ša⸣ a-⸢na⸣ ti-ib [MÈ-šú dan-ni] / UB.MEŠ ⸢ul-ta-nap⸣-ša-qa [i-ḫi-il-lu] / ḫur-ša-⸢ni⸣ ù al-ṭu-te [KÚR.MEŠ-šu…
Scholarly note
Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005998.
Attribution
Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P394609). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.