Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Aššur-bel-kala 08

~1300 BCE·Middle Assyrian·Q005989

About this tablet

A broken royal inscription of Aššur-bel-kala, king of Assyria around 1073–1056 BCE and son of Tiglath-pileser I. What survives is the standard opening of an Assyrian king's self-presentation — his titles ("great king," "king of all the four quarters," "beloved of Aššur"), his father and grandfather, and an appeal to the gods Aššur and Anu — followed at the end by an exact date: the fifth of the month Elūlu in a named eponym year. That closing date is the interesting part: Middle Assyrian royal texts sometimes record precisely when a building or dedicatory act took place, giving historians a fixed point in the Assyrian year-list.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

Aššur-bel-kala, great king, king of the world and of all four quarters of the earth, beloved of the god Aššur, son of Tiglath-pileser and grandson of Aššur-reša-iši. Several lines here are too damaged to read, but they invoke the command of Aššur and Anu and speak of doing as much as the king's heart desired. The text closes with a date: the fifth day of the month Elūlu, in the year of the official whose name is now lost.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Low confidence
[Aš]šur-bel-kala, great king, king [of the universe, ...] [king] of all the four quarters, beloved of Aššur, ... [...] [...] ... [...]-nišu ... [...] [...] ... great [...] [son of Tiglath-pileser (I)] [...] [son of Aššur]-reša-iši (I) [...] [by the command of] the god [Aš]šur, Anu [...] [...] ... [...] [...] ...-mira [...] [...] as much as (his) heart [desired] ... [...] [...] month Elūlu (Ulūlu), 5th day, epony[my of ...]

Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • na-mad aš-šurTentatively 'beloved of Aššur'; na-mad could be nā'id ('exalted/praising') or nā'du ('cherished'); reading uncertain due to damage.
  • [DUMU mGIŠ.tukul-ti]-IBILA-é-šar-raRestored as 'son of Tiglath-pileser [I]' (Tukultī-apil-Ešarra); the beginning of the sign group is broken and the restoration follows standard Ashur-bel-kala titulary in RIMA 2.
  • [DUMU ma-šur]-SAG-i-šiRestored as 'son of Aššur-nāṣir-apli [I]'; partially broken; Aššur-rēša-iši is another possibility but genealogical context supports Aššur-nāṣir-apli I.
  • [i-na si-qir?] d[aš?]-šur? a-nu?Tentatively 'by the command of Aššur (and) Anu'; si-qir ('command/word') is a formulaic element in Assyrian royal inscriptions; both divine names are heavily restored.
  • am-mar lìb-be'As much as the heart desires' or 'to the full extent of (my) heart's desire'; a stock phrase in Assyrian royal building/votive inscriptions; partially preserved.
  • ITI.KIN UD.5.KÁM li-[mu ...]Month Elul (sixth month), 5th day, eponym year; the limmu name is broken and cannot be restored from the available text alone.
Reasoning ↓

Visual examination of the photograph (BM 122628, accession 1930-5-8, 17): the obverse (top image) shows roughly 8–9 lines of cuneiform wedges impressed in reddish-brown clay. The surface is heavily eroded and chipped, especially along the lower left and lower edges, creating substantial lacunae. The upper two lines are the most legible: one can tentatively discern sign clusters consistent with a royal name and LUGAL-sequences in lines 1–2, broadly agreeing with the transliteration. Lines 3–7 are progressively more damaged and the individual wedges are very indistinct at this resolution. The reverse (third image) shows only a few faint impressions in the upper register and scattered traces lower down, consistent with the transliteration's later, sparser lines. The left and right edge fragments (flanking the obverse) show diagonal wedge impressions but are too narrow and eroded to read independently. The transliteration identifies this as a royal inscription of Ashur-bel-kala (Aššur-bēl-kala), son of Tiglath-pileser I and grandson of Aššur-nāṣir-apli I, consistent with the titulary 'king of the four quarters' (šar kibrāt erbetti) standard for this king; see RIMA 2 A.0.89 texts. The month ITI.KIN (Elul) and the limmu eponym date formula in the final line are characteristic of Assyrian administrative and commemorative practice. Several lines remain irrecoverable from both photo and transliteration.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3264 in / 1116 out tokens

Why it matters

Attests Aššur-bēl-kala's titulature and genealogy — anchoring his reign within the Tiglath-pileser I dynasty — though heavy damage leaves his specific deeds and the presiding eponym unrecoverable.

Transliteration

[mdaš]-⸢šur⸣-EN-ka-la ⸢LUGAL GAL LUGAL⸣ [KIŠ ...] / [LUGAL] ⸢kúl⸣-lat kib-rat 4-i na-mad aš-šur x [...] / [...] x [...]-⸢ni⸣-šu gi-x [...] / [...] x ⸢tu?⸣ ik gal [...] / [DUMU mGIŠ.tukul-ti]-⸢IBILA⸣-é-šar-ra [...] / [DUMU ma-šur]-SAG-⸢i-ši⸣ [...] / [i-na si-qir?] ⸢d?⸣[aš?]-⸢šur?⸣ a-⸢nu?⸣ [...] / [...] x [...] / [...] x-mi-ra [...] / [...] ⸢am⸣-mar lìb-be x [...] / [...] ITI.KIN UD.5.KÁM ⸢li⸣-[mu ...]

Scholarly note

Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005989.

Attribution

Image: BM 122628 (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P422412). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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