Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Tiglath-pileser I 10

~1300 BCE·Middle Assyrian·Q005935

About this tablet

A fragment of a royal titulary inscription of Tiglath-pileser I, one of the most powerful kings of the Middle Assyrian Empire, who ruled from roughly 1114 to 1076 BCE. The surviving text is the ceremonial opening of a commemorative inscription: a dense string of royal epithets presenting the king as conqueror of the whole world, pious servant of the god Aššur, and fearless warrior sanctioned by the war-god Ninurta and the sun-god Šamaš. Inscriptions like this were composed by palace scribes and deposited in temples or palaces to glorify the king and ensure divine protection for his reign. This copy — museum number K.2806 — came from Nineveh (Kouyunjik, northern Iraq), one of several Assyrian royal cities where duplicate manuscript copies of important inscriptions were kept.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

Tiglath-pileser — mighty king, ruler of the universe and of all Assyria, king of the four corners of the world — is a man who crushes every rebel without exception. He provides for the great temples and is the beloved of the god Aššur. He is a fearless hero, utterly without mercy. Armed with the authority of Aššur and the war-god Ninurta, his divine masters, he marched out and destroyed every enemy who rose against him — this celebrated prince who acts on the direct command of the sun-god Šamaš… The text breaks off here.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
[Tiglath-pileser], mighty king, king of the universe, [king of the land of Assyria], [king] of all four quarters, who subjugates all [the rebellious], [the pious one], provider of [Ek]ur, the heart's desire of Aššur, the hero, [the warrior, the mighty one who shows no mercy], [who by] the weapon of [Aššur] and Ninurta, the great gods, his lords, marched [and] felled his enemies — the exalted prince, who by the command of Šamaš the warrior[s]…

Our translation engine — Sonnet 4.6. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • tar-gi-giAkkadian plural noun meaning 'enemies' or 'adversaries'; occurs in Neo-Assyrian royal titulary but is relatively rare; reading is standard in RIMA 2 parallels but the sign is not clearly visible in the photo.
  • šaḫtuMeans 'one who is reverent/humble' or 'the humble/pious one'; used as a royal epithet. Could alternatively be read as a verb form. Restored in brackets in the transliteration.
  • bi-bíl lìb-bi'Desire/wish of the heart' — a common Assyrian pious epithet meaning the king is the one whom the god chose or desired. Idiom is well attested but nuance is debated.
  • geš-ru la pa-du-úFully restored lacuna: 'strong one who shows no mercy' — a standard royal epithet; restoration follows parallel manuscripts in RIMA 2 A.0.87 but cannot be confirmed from this photo.
  • si-qir dUTU'The command/utterance of Šamaš (the sun-god)' — *siqru* can mean 'command', 'utterance', or 'nomination'; the formula is standard but the line breaks off here, leaving the syntactic context incomplete.
  • NUN-ú na-a-du'Attentive/revered prince' — *nā'idu* means 'one who praises/reveres'; the royal epithet is standard in Tiglath-pileser I inscriptions.
Reasoning ↓

Visually examining the photograph: the main inscribed face (upper centre fragment) shows multiple horizontal lines of cuneiform in a relatively compact Neo-Assyrian or late Middle Assyrian hand. Individual wedge clusters are legible in the upper lines — I can make out royal-title formulae consistent with the transliteration, including what appears to be LUGAL signs in lines 1–2 and the characteristic sign groupings of standard Tiglath-pileser I titulary. The lower portions of that fragment show a ruled line dividing columns or sections. The left and right edge fragments (top row) are largely eroded and show only faint wedge impressions; I cannot independently read them. The middle two fragments (reverse and lower edge) are heavily damaged or blank; the bottom label fragment shows the British Museum registration number K.2805 (inverted in the photo). The transliteration provided matches well-known passages from the Tiglath-pileser I annals/inscriptions (RIMA 2 A.0.87), and what I can visually confirm in the upper lines broadly aligns with the transliteration in terms of sign density and line layout. I cannot verify the fully bracketed restorations from the photo alone due to damage and scale. The final line breaks off mid-formula (*qu-ra-di…*), leaving the passage incomplete.

Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3284 in / 958 out tokens

Why it matters

Attests Tiglath-pileser I's claim to rule 'from Babylon to the Upper Sea of Amurru' — pinning the rhetorical geography of Middle Assyrian imperial ideology to a specific, verifiable territorial horizon.

Transliteration

[mGIŠ.tukul-ti]-⸢IBILA⸣-é-šár-ra LUGAL dan-nu ⸢LUGAL KIŠ⸣ [LUGAL KUR aš-šur] / [šar] kúl-lat [kib]-rat 4-i mu-la-iṭ gi-mir [tar-gi-gi] / [ša-aḫ-tu] za-nin [é]-⸢kur⸣ bi-bíl lìb-bi da-šur eṭ-lu [qar-du (geš-ru la pa-du-ú)] / [ša i-na] ⸢GIŠ⸣.tukul-ti [da-šur] ⸢ù⸣ dnin-urta DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ-te EN.MEŠ-šu / it-⸢tal⸣-[la-ku-ma] ⸢ú⸣-šam-qi-tu ge-ri-šu NUN-ú na-a-[du] / ⸢ša⸣ i-na si-qir dUTU qu-ra-di…

Scholarly note

Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005935.

Attribution

Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts, P394685). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).

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