Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

Shalmaneser I 09

~1300 BCE·Middle Assyrian·Q005797

About this tablet

This is a building inscription of the Middle Assyrian king Shalmaneser I (reigned approximately 1274–1245 BCE), recording his restoration of a city gate at Aššur — the ancient capital of Assyria on the Tigris. The king identifies himself by his lineage through two generations of predecessors who each held the same sacral title, 'vice-regent of Aššur,' anchoring royal authority in service to the city-god. He describes finding the gate in ruin, rebuilding it from its foundations to its battlements, and erecting a commemorative stele — a standard Assyrian royal piety formula. The closing blessing that a future prince should renew the work (and preserve Shalmaneser's name) is a time-honoured formula placing the inscription into an imagined future of continuing royal stewardship.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

I am Shalmaneser, appointed by Nabû and serving as vice-regent of Aššur. My father was Adad-nērārī, vice-regent of Aššur, and his father was Puzur-Aššur, also vice-regent of Aššur. The gate called Šali-bur-šalḫi — located at the foot of the carved reliefs at the Aššur city gate, my lord's gate — had been standing since ancient times and had fallen into ruin. I cleared away the decay, repaired the damage, and rebuilt the entire structure from the foundations up to the battlements. I then erected my commemorative stele here. May any future king who finds this gate in disrepair restore it — and preserve my name, which is inscribed upon it…

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
Shalmaneser, appointee of the god Nabû, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Adad-nērārī, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Puzur-Aššur, vice-regent of Aššur: When the gate 'Šali-bur-šalḫi' — which is at the base of the sculptures of the gate of Aššur, my lord — which had been built previously had become dilapidated, its dilapidation I removed; its ruin I repaired, and what had collapsed, from its foundations to its parapets, I built anew. And my commemorative stele I set up. May a future prince its dilapidation renew, [and] my name, which is inscribed…

Our translation engine — Sonnet 4.6. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • šá-ak-ni dAB / ŠID aš-šuršākin Nabû and iššiakku Aššur are two distinct titles here; ŠID is the logogram for iššiakku, conventionally 'steward' or 'vice-regent of Aššur'. Some editions render šākin as 'appointee' or 'governor'; the distinction between the two lines is that the first titles him as šākin of Nabû and the second as iššiakku of Aššur.
  • KÁ.GAL-šá-li-bur-šal-ḫiGate name: šali-bur-šalḫi is typically parsed as a verbal sentence name, perhaps 'may he not abandon the fold/pen' (šalḫu = fold/enclosure). The spelling and exact etymology remain contested. Cannot fully verify from the photo.
  • SUḪUR É ṣa-al-meSUḪUR (Akkadian: išdu, 'base/foundation') + É ṣalmē = 'base/plinth of the cella-statues'. Some editors render as 'cult-image shrine' or 'statue-house'. The precise architectural function is debated.
  • gaba-dib-bi-šuLogographic compound: gaba = 'breast/chest', dib = 'to catch/hold'; standard architectural term for parapet, battlement, or crenellation. Also sometimes rendered 'cornice'. Transliteration matches RIMA 1 readings.
  • na-re-ianarû = commemorative stele or stone inscription. Here the king sets up his narû as a record of the work. Standard term in Assyrian royal building inscriptions.
  • šu-mi šaṭ-ra…Standard closing curse/blessing formula: 'my written name' — the text continues (likely: 'let him not efface; may Aššur and [gods] bless him') but is broken or not photographed. The ellipsis in the transliteration signals lacuna.
Reasoning ↓

Photo examination (Layer 1): The obverse (upper image, BM 1922-8-12-66 / 115691) shows a well-preserved, lightly fired clay tablet with clear horizontal rulings and neat Old Assyrian/Middle Assyrian wedge impressions. Approximately 18–20 lines are visible on the obverse; the surface shows minor erosion in the upper-left corner and a faint crack mid-field but no major lacunae. The reverse (lower image) is largely uninscribed in its lower half, with 3–4 lines of faint signs at the very bottom edge, consistent with a brief colophon. Layer 1 confirms signs in lines 1–3 matching the royal name m-dšal-ma-nu-SAG, the divine name d-AB (Nabû), the title ŠID (šākin/iššiakku), and DINGIR-Aššur. The gate name KÁ.GAL compound in line 5 is visible but crowded; cannot fully verify the internal spelling of šalibur-šalḫi from the photo alone. The building-account formulae (e-na-aḫ-ma, an-ḫu-sa, ak-še-er, uš-še-šu … gaba-dib-bi) are confirmed in broad outline by visible sign clusters. This is a standard Shalmaneser I building inscription (RIMA 1, A.0.77.9); the transliteration aligns with the published ORACC text Q005797. The title ŠID for iššiakku ('steward/vice-regent') follows convention for Middle Assyrian royal inscriptions. Confidence is medium rather than high because the gate name's internal orthography is partially obscured and the final line (šumi šaṭra…) is on the damaged lower edge.

Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3289 in / 1343 out tokens

Why it matters

Records Shalmaneser I's restoration of the Libūr-šalḫī Gate at Aššur, fixing the king's piety and building programme in the mid-13th century BCE, before Assyria's rise to full imperial power.

Transliteration

⸢m⸣dsál-ma-nu-SAG šá-ak-ni dAB / ⸢ŠID⸣ aš-šur / ⸢A⸣ dIŠKUR-ERIM.TÁḪ ŠID aš-šur / A GÍD-DI-DINGIR ŠID aš-šur-ma / e-nu-ma KÁ.GAL-šá-li-bur-šal-ḫi / šá SUḪUR É ṣa-al-me / šá KÁ aš-šur EN-ia / šá i-na pa-na ep-šu / e-na-aḫ-ma / an-ḫu-sa / ú-né-ki-ir / an-ša ak-še-er / ù ma-aq-ta iš-tu uš-še-šu / a-di gaba-dib-bi-šu / e-pu-uš / ù na-re-ia / aš-ku-un / NUN ar-ku-ú / an-ḫu-sa / lu-di-iš / šu-mi šaṭ-ra…

Scholarly note

Royal inscription of an Assyrian king, published in the Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online project (RIAo). Translation reproduced from the ORACC edition. ORACC text Q005797.

Attribution

Image: BM 115691 (British Museum, London, UK) — from Assur (mod. Qalat Sherqat) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts, P452095). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).

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