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Sumerian · Book

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Sumerian · Book

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Every tablet in the corpus — sortable by date, title or period; filterable by theme and period. Find a name, follow a period, or explore a subject through the records it left behind.

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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Page 80 / 90

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1014

One of the preserved royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon (RINAP 4, Q003386), whose composite manuscript tradition helps reconstruct the rhetorical and titulary conventions of seventh-century Assyrian kingship.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·

Neo-Assyrian

RINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1015

Attests Esarhaddon's direct, sealed communication with Šamaš — bypassing the diviner class — as the theological basis for his royal decisions, revealing how Sargonid kings legitimised authority through personal divine access.

Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1016

Esarhaddon records sealing a secret divination query in an envelope before consulting Šamaš and Adad — a rare first-person royal account of the procedural safeguards used to prevent diviners from tailoring omens to please the king.

Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1017

A fragmentary royal inscription of Esarhaddon (~675 BCE) preserving traces of a military muster and invocation of Ištar, adding a damaged but datable witness to Assyrian royal self-presentation.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1018

Preserves fragmentary traces of Esarhaddon invoking divine sanction from Aššur himself — attesting the theological grammar by which Neo-Assyrian kings legitimised their rule in royal inscriptions.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1019

Chronicles Esarhaddon's capture of Memphis (~671 BCE) — the only Assyrian royal inscription to record a reigning king's conquest of the Egyptian capital, marking the empire's greatest territorial reach.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 1020

Attests Esarhaddon's ideological program of rebuilding Babylon — destroyed by his father Sennacherib — by relocating the divine births of Bēl, Bēltīya, and Ea to Aššur, rewriting Babylonian theology in Assyrian terms.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 104

Esarhaddon frames his restoration of Babylon by cataloguing the bad omens that condemned a previous king — making this one of the clearest surviving examples of Assyrian rulers using omen-lore to legitimise regime change.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 109

Esarhaddon legitimises his reign by casting himself as the gods' chosen restorer of Babylonian shrines and avenger of Akkad — direct ideological response to his father Sennacherib's destruction of Babylon in 689 BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 116

Esarhaddon's justification for Sennacherib's sack of Babylon: the Babylonians themselves broke divine law — selling Esagil's treasures to Elam — so the gods, not Assyria, destroyed the city.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 117

Attests Esarhaddon's claim to have restored neglected shrines and forgotten rites — part of his systematic effort to legitimate rule after his father Sennacherib's sack of Babylon.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 126

Attests Esarhaddon's restoration of Etemenanki, the great ziggurat of Babylon, framing reconstruction as personal piety toward Marduk — evidence of an Assyrian king actively courting Babylonian religious legitimacy.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 128

Attests Esarhaddon's devotion to Ištar of Nippur — here styled Queen-of-Nippur enthroned in Ebaradurgara — documenting Assyrian royal investment in a Babylonian cult centre during his post-conquest reconciliation policy.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 129

Dedicates a building project to Enlil 'whose command cannot be revoked,' pairing that theological formula with Esarhaddon's full titulary to show how Assyrian kings grounded imperial legitimacy in divine sanction.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 133

Dedicatory inscription to Ištar-of-Uruk in her Eanna temple: attests Esarhaddon's deliberate cultivation of the ancient Sumerian cult centre as a source of royal legitimacy seven centuries after Ur III.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 2003

Issued in the voice of Naqīʾa-Zakūtu, Esarhaddon's mother, this inscription is a rare case of an Assyrian queen mother publicly claiming a share of war spoils and directing conquered peoples to corvée labour in her own name.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 048

Opens with a seven-god invocation — Aššur through Šamaš — that maps the full Assyrian divine hierarchy, anchoring royal authority in cosmic order at the height of Esarhaddon's empire.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 003

(i 1') [...] ... [...] they reared [...] they ordered him to his [...]ship [...] ... they went and (i 5') (No translation possible) (i 16') [... Nabû-zēr-kitti-lī]šir, [...] ... [...] ... heard [of the approach of] my campaign and fled like [a fox t]o the land Ela[m]. (i 20′) [Be]cause of the oath of the great gods [which] he had transgressed, the gods [Aš]šur, Sîn, Šamaš, B[ēl], and Nabû imposed a grievous [punishme]nt on him and they [ki]lled him with the sword [in the mi]dst of the land Elam. Naʾid-Marduk, his brother, (i 25′) saw [the] deeds that they had done [to] his brother in Elam,…

Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 004

(i' 1') (No translation warranted) (i' 2') [Moreover, I struck with] the sword [Teušpa, a Cimmeri]an, [a barbarian whose home is remote, together with his entire army, in the territory of the land Ḫub]ušnu. (i' 5') [The one who treads on the necks of the people of Cili]cia, [mountain dwellers who live in inaccessible mountains in the neighborhood] of the land Tabal, [evil Hittites, who from earliest days had not been] submissive to the yoke — [I surrounded, conquered, plundered, demolished, destroy]ed, (and) burned with fire [twenty-one of their fortified cities and small cities in] their…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 006

(i 1) [...] ... [... I cried out in] mourning, [I raged like a lion, and my] mood [became furio]us. [In order to exercise kingship (over) the house of my father I beat] my hands together. [I prayed to the gods Aššur, Sîn, Šamaš, Bēl, Nabû, and Nergal], Ištar of Nineveh, (and) [Ištar of Arbela and they accepted] my word(s). [With their firm ‘yes’], they were sending me [reliable omen(s), (saying): ‘Go! Do not hold back! We] will go and [kill your enemies].’ (i 9b') I did [not] hesitate [one day (or) two days. I did not wait for my army. I did not] look [for my rear guard. I did not check the…

Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 007

(i' 1') [and its army; I put] to the sword [Išpakāia], a Scythian, [an ally who could not save himself]. (i' 3') [I plundered the land Bīt-Dakkūri, which is in Chaldea, an] enemy of Babylon. [I captured Šamaš-ibni, its king, a rogue] (and) outlaw, (i′ 5′) [who did not respect the oath of the lord of lords, who took away fields of the citizens] of Babylon [and Borsippa by force and turned (them) over to] himself. [Because I know the fear of the gods Bēl and Nabû, I returned those fields and entrusted (them) to the citizens of Baby]lon [and Borsippa. I placed Nabû-šallim, son of Ba]lāssu, [on…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 009

(i' 1') [...] regu[lar ...] baked bricks [...] ... tribute and [...] precious stones without number (i′ 5′) [...] ... they blackened [...] the seed of his father’s house, descendants of earlier kings, ditto; [... of] his house, third-men, charioteers, ..., [... re]in-[holders], archers, shield bearers, ditto; [...] ..., incantation priests, dream interpreters, (i′ 10′ ) [...] veterinarians, Egyptian scribes, [...], snake-charmers, together with their helpers, ditto; [...], kāṣiru-craftsmen, singers, bakers, [...], brewers, (together with) their supply managers, ditto; [... clothes] menders,…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 013

(1) [Aššur-etel-ilāni-mu]kīn-apli, the senior son of the king, who (resides in) the House of Succession, [... ... is co]mplete, surpassing in intelligence, [...] whose mind has learned ... of all of the experts, [(...); son of Sennacherib, king of the world] (and) king of Assyria; descendant of Sargon (II), king of the world (and) king of A[ssyria] — (5) [... i]n the city Bāṣ[i (Bāzu) ...] (1') [... when I bro]ught its construction to an end, [...] I invited [...] into it, and I offered [sumptuous pure] offerings [before] them and I presented (them) with my gifts. (4') [Those gods, in] their s…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 014

(1') [...] ... [...] its [site] had become too small and not ... [...] ... my wish [...] a small [palac]e for [my] pri[ncely] residence [... (5′) ... I built (and) completed (it) from] its foundations to [its] para[pets ...] ... he returned ... [...] ... days ... [...] ... [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 016

(1) [...] Esarhaddon [... cho]sen by the god Aššur, [my] lo[rd, ...] a good šēdu, which is in [...] Egypt and Melu[ḫḫa ...] palace of Se[nnacherib, ... Sa]rgon (II), king of the [four] qua[rters, ...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 017

(1') king of the wor[ld, king of Assyria]; son of Sennacherib, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria — (5') (As for) the temple of the goddess Ištar of Nineveh, his lady, the one who (re)constructed the temple of the god Aššur (and) (re)built Esagil and Babylon, for the preservation of his life, the lengthening of his days, the well-being of his offspring, (and) the overthrow of his enemies, he (Esarhaddon) ordered the dilapidated (temple) torn down [...] ... [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 019

(1') [...] ... [...] (2') [... the gods Nin]urta, Adad, [... the gods of] Assyria, al[l of them, into it. I made sumptuous pure offerings before them and pre]sented (them) with my gifts. [... I seated all of the officials and people of my country] in it [at festive tables, ceremonial meals, and banqu]ets [...] ... [... I had (my servants) drench their (the guests’) heads with fine oil (and) per]fumed oil. [...] ... [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 020

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the kings of (Lower) Egypt, Upper Egypt, (and) Kush, son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 021

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 022

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Esarhaddon 023

(1) I, Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Ass[yria], built anew an annex onto the House of Succession in the midst of the city of Nineveh.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 024

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 025

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, king of the world, king of Assyria, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of Karduniaš (Babylonia).

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 026

(1) [... Es]arhaddon [... boo]ty from K[ush (...)].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 027

(1) [The palace of Esarhaddon, ... kin]g of the world, king of Assyria, son of Sen[nacherib, ...].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 028

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, migh<ty> king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Bab[ylon, king of the land of] Sumer and Akkad, king of Kardun[iaš (Babylonia), ...].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 029

(1) The palace of [Es]arhaddon, great king, mighty king, [...].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 035

(1) [...] whose country is remote, [... I be]sieged and plundered it. (3) [... the] chieftain of the city Partukka, [... Med]es whose country is remote, [...] large [thoroughbreds] (and blocks of) lapis lazuli, hewn from its [mountain, ... they] kissed my feet [... I imposed ...] upon them. (8) [... b]orders Mount Bikni [...] mighty chieftains [...] I counted as [booty. I ...] the[m]. (r 1') [...] ... water channels [...] ... like ... [...] ..., horses, he constantly [...] Kush, black Meluḫḫians, [...] ... with whom he formed a confederation [...] a difficult place [...] ... [...] ... [...] th…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 058

(i 1) [Esarhaddon], king of the wor[ld], king of Ass[yria], piou[s] prin[ce], belove[d of] the god Aššu[r] and the goddess Mu[llissu], upon whom (i 10) you placed your protection and whom you safeguarded for kingship, all of [whose] enemies (ii 1) [you killed and] whose [wi]sh [you caused (him) to attain, up]on whose [father’s] throne you placed in greatness, and whom you entrusted with the lordship of the lands; (ii 10) son of Sennacherib, king of the world, [kin]g of Assyria, the one who made the statues of the god Aššur and the great gods; (iii 1) descendant of Sargon (II), king of the…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 059

(i 1) [Es]arhaddon, [ki]ng of the world, king of Assyria, pious [pr]ince, [be]loved of the god Aššur and the goddess Mullissu, upon whom you placed your protection and whom you safeguarded for kingship, all of whose enemies you killed and (i 10) whose wish you caused (him) to attain, upon whose father’s throne you placed in greatness, and whom [yo]u entrusted with the lordship of the lands; son of Sennacherib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria; descendant of Sargon (II), king of the world (and) king of Assyria — (i 19) The former temple of the god Aššur that Shalmaneser (I), son of…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 061

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria — I had the gatehouse, which is in the palace in Baltil (Aššur), built anew for coming and going (and) I firmly founded its foundation with white limestone.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 062

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria — I had the gatehouse, which is in the palace in Baltil (Aššur), built anew for coming and going (and) I firmly founded its foundation with white limestone.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 063

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria — I had the gatehouse, which is in the palace in Baltil (Aššur), built anew for coming and going (and) I firmly founded its foundation with white limestone.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 064

(1) I, Esarhaddon, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, [go]vernor [of] Bab[yl]on, king of Sumer and Akkad; the one who (re)constructed the temple of [the god Aššur], (re)built Esagil and Babylon, renewed the statues of the great gods; son of Senna[ch]erib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria; descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria — (5) [during] my [king]ship, when the god Aššur and the goddess Mullissu stretched out [their] protection [over me] and (when) the great gods called my name for lordship over the [land] and people, and (when) I made Ashurbanipal, the senior son…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 065

(1) Esarha[ddon, king of the world, king of Assyria]; son of Sennache[rib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria]; the one who (re)constructed [the temple of the god Aššur], (re)built [Esagil] (5) and Bab[ylon, ...], re[stored the shrines] of cult [centers], completed the rites and [...], (10) (and) (re)confirmed the sattukku offer[ings ... of] the [great] gods, [am] I.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 066

(1') [...] Esarhaddon, king of the world, kin[g of ...] son of Sennacher[ib ...] the one who (re)constructed the temple of (the god) Aššur, (re)[built ...] ... [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 068

(1) To the god Aššur, his lord: Esarhaddon, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of all of Karduniaš (Babylonia), king of the kings of (Lower) Egypt, Upper Egypt, (5) and Kush, king of the four quarters, placed and gave (this door socket) for his (long) life, the prolongation of his days, (and) the well-being of his offspring.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 069

(1) To the god Aššur, his lord: Esarhaddon, king of the world, king of [Assyria], governor of Babylon, king of Karduni[aš] (Babylon[ia]), (5) king of the kings of (Lower) Eg[ypt], Upper Egy[pt], and Kush, [gave (this door socket)] for his (long) life (and) the well-[being of his] off[spring].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 070

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad — an amphora filled with oil fit for princes, [which] was with the vast possessions (and) goods without number, the treasures of the palace of Abdi-Milkūti, the king of Sidon — which is in the midst of the sea — that my great hand(s) captured with the help of the gods Aššur, Sîn, Šamaš, Bēl, Nabû, Ištar of Ninev…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~675 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 4

Esarhaddon 071

(1) The palace of Esarhaddon, great king, mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, skilled in battle and warfare, who leveled his enemies, son of [Sen]nacherib, king of the world (and) king of Assyria, descendant of Sargon (II), king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad — an amphora filled with oil fit for princes, which was with the vast possessions (and) goods without number, the treasures of the palace of Abdi-Milkūti, the king of Sidon, that my great hand(s) captured with the help of the gods Aššur, Sîn, Šamaš, Bēl,…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

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