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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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Achaemenid Persian

Akkadian Empire

Our engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.037, ex. add1487

For Ningirsu, mighty warrior of Enlil, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, made resplendent what is fitting for him. His Eninnu, the White Anzud (Thunderbird), he built for him, he restored it for him (returned it to its place).

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.037, ex. add1488

For Ningirsu, mighty warrior of Enlil, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, made the fitting thing resplendent (for him). The Eninnu, his (temple of the) White Anzu, he built for him; he restored it for him to its place.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.041, ex. add368

For Ninĝirsu, mighty warrior of Enlil, his master: Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, made (what is) fitting resplendent for him (i.e., properly carried out the due ordinances). His Eninnu, the White Thunderbird (temple), he built for him, (and) restored it for him.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.041, ex. add369

For Ningirsu, mighty warrior of Enlil, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagash, made the fitting thing resplendent for him. His Eninnu of the White Anzu(-bird) he built for him, (and) restored it for him.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.042, ex. add16

For Ningirsu, the mighty warrior of Enlil, his master: Gudea, ruler of Lagash, built for him his Eninnu, (the temple) of the White Anzu-bird.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine

RIME 3/1.01.07.048, ex. add092

[For Ningirsu], [the mighty warrior] of En[lil], his master (lord): Gudea, ruler of Lagash, the one who built the E-ninnu of Ningirsu — [the E-PA, his house of seven corners (niches),] he built for him.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

NRVN 1, 115

1 1/2 shekels of silver, from Lugal-ezem, Šeš-kalla received. Month: Sig-ga ("brick-making"), he is to pay (it) back — he swore by the name of the king (that he would do so). If he does not pay, he declared that he would pay 3 shekels of silver as a penalty. Month: <Še>-sag-ku, day 21 having passed; year: Simurrum was destroyed.

~2059 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 222, Bod S 180

5 gur 3 ban2 6 sila3 barley, royal (gur)-measure — barley for flour, as an interest-bearing loan; the interest has been added (satisfied). From Adda, Lugal-ištaran received (it). Year following: "Anšan was destroyed." Lugal-ištaran, son of Lugal-lu-[x].

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 223, Bod S 182

1(aš) gur barley, royal (measure) — barley of the loan, (for) flour, by the bronze gur (measure), from Ur-lisi, in the name of Lugal-gigire, son of Ur-Ištaran — sealed by Ur-en(na), the carpenter; it is at hand (booked). Month: "Dumuzi", year: "the son of the king ..." [broken] Ur-li, the carpenter, son of Lugal-[...].

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CM 26, 146

14 gur, 2 ban2, 2 sila3 of barley, royal measure — deficit of barley loaded onto the boat — from Bazi; sealed by Ningirsu-isa; it is to be repaid. Month: 'Mušudu.' Year: Kimaš was destroyed. (Seal legend:) Ningirsu-isa, son of Adda(?), boatman.

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 49-02-029

To Ur-Šulpa'e speak: Silver, 2 shekels, of Ur-silaluh, which is present in (his) possession — from it, 1 shekel, to Lu-duga, let it be given. Its silver, [...] [...] let him not neglect (it)/let him not disregard it. Ur-Suen, son of Ur-Utu.

Daily Life·Economy

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 51-04-018

1. Ibni-Iškur 2. — u3-na-a-du11 ("speak to him!" / letter-formula: "has been told") 3. [......]-dub-ba (broken; possibly "tablet-" related) 4. [...]-[x]-Gilgamesh (broken; contains the divine/heroic name Gilgamesh) 5. [...]-[x]-Erra (broken; contains the name/element Erra) 6. [......]-x (broken, illegible) 7. x x-za (broken, illegible) 8. 1 KA-x-x-um (a personal name, largely broken) 9. 1 Dingir-sudan (personal name) 10. x-ru-x (broken; "ru" tentatively "given/deposited") 11. son of Bak-x-gi4

Daily Life·Economy

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 51-10-056

Turam-ili — speak to him! 2 gur barley, from the sealed storehouse (e2-kišib-ba), to Lu-Turam let it be given. Before Puzur-x, the chief steward, the storehouse was opened. Let their sealed document be impressed (sealed).

Daily Life·Economy

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 52-04-082

To Šu-damu — speak! The field, ...... [broken] ...... field ...... [broken] ...... [broken] ...... [broken] There is no remaining ...... that has been set/placed (there). To Zuma, the merchant, (and) Lu-Šalim, let it be given. Let the matter not be reneged upon (let the word not be turned back).

Daily Life·Economy

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 52-04-084

To Suen-našir — speak! 2 gur 1 barig of bitumen, removed from the boat, 2 barig(?) ... to the house, [...] ... ... ... [...]-...-... [...] ... ... [...] n mirza-vessels(?) [...] ... fir-wood(?) ... ... hand (it) over! / give (it)!

Daily Life·Economy

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUSAS 03, 1010

1 sheep — [regular offering] of Inanna of Zabala. 1 sheep — regular offering of Šara of Umma. From Ili-bilani, booked out (disbursed). Month: "Great Festival" (ezem-maḫ). Year: "the land of Zabšali was destroyed." [Seal:] Šu-Kabta, physician(?), son of Naram-ili. Iškur-illat, scribe, son of Abiya, is your servant.

Economy·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUSAS 03, 1510

6 sar of brick clay (im sig4), from Nisaba-andul(-ta), Pušk-in [received/borrowed it]. Per day, 6 [units] each, malt [......] malt [......] year: [......] before [......], before ...-[......], before Šu-[......], before Iškur-bani. They are its witnesses.

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

Kress 198

2 gug-bread(loaves), 2 sila each; 12 bread(loaves), 1/2 sila each; its bread: 1 ban2; 3 sila of nig-idea (oil-poured food); 2 oil-bread(loaves) — for the eshesh-festival of the House-of-the-15th-Day; [from the king]; via Ur-Šulgi, the cupbearer; booked out (as expenditure). Month: Kirsiak. Year: 'the en-priest(ess) of Eridu was installed.'

Economy·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

LB 0244

9 gur 4 barig barley, royal measure, from Lu-Ninšubur, in the name of Lu-DU, he received (it) as its loan. Month: “Festival of carrying barley” (ezem-še-illa). Year: “the throne … [broken] … AN … was …” (year name, broken).

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

PPAC 5, 1646

5 (gur), šuku-allotment, field A-uri; foreman: Ur-Geštinanka. 5 (gur): Ur-Ištaran. The barley of the field — its case is to be investigated. [...] šuku-allotment, from Ur-Geštinanka and Ur-Ištaran: barley of the Ki-sumun field, leased (plow-)land of Abba-kalla, the foreman. Regarding the barley rations — its case is to be investigated.

Economy·Writing & Literature

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.01.11, ex. add164

For Nanna, the impetuous calf of An, the first-born son of Enlil, his lord — Ur-Namma, the mighty man, king of Ur, built his E-temen-ni-guru.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.01.24, ex. 35a-b

Ur-Namma, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the one who built the temple of Enlil. (second exemplar, identical text:) Ur-Namma, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, the one who built the temple of Enlil.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.01.26, ex. add17

For Enlil, king of all the lands, his master, Ur-Namma, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, built his temple for him, (and) dug for him the En-erin-nun canal, his canal of food offerings.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.02.012, ex. add10

For Ningirsu, the mighty warrior, his lord — Šulgi, the mighty man, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, built his (Ningirsu's) temple.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.03.15, ex. add69

[(Amar-Suena, called by name by Enlil in Nippur, supporter of)] the temple [of Enlil], mighty king, king of Ur, king of the four quarters — for Enki, his beloved king, his beloved Abzu [he built].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

RIME 3/2.01.04.11, ex. 01

Šu-Suen, beloved of Enlil, the king whom Enlil chose as the beloved of his heart, mighty king, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, his beloved god — Habaluge, governor of Adab, his servant, built for him his beloved temple.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~2048 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 224, Bod S 186

2 gur 4 barig 2 ban of barley, (measured by the) royal (gur), the deficit of the barley expenditures at Nippur; (charged to) ARAD — they being land registrars — it is to be repaid. On behalf of the land registrar, the sealed tablet of Kaguna is present. Month: Dal. Year: "Anshan was destroyed." (Seal:) Kaguna, the scribe, son of Ur-[...].

~2044 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

AfO 04, 23

1 plough-ox, an ox (that was) the property of Abba-gina — it was lost. Duga-zida to Abba-gina (said): "From the month ki-siki-Ninazu, by the time seven days have elapsed, I will bring your ox to you." Thus he said to him, and he swore it by the name of the king. Before Šara-aš-a-mu-tum; before Ḫaḫaša, the merchant; before Lu-Šulgi. Year: the en-priestess of Inanna of Uruk was chosen by (goat) omen. (seal / caption) Duga-zida, son of Ur-[...]-ma.

~2043 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

Amherst 091

12 gur, 2 barig barley — royal gur (measure) — barley as a loan, for the troops (erin2), from Ur-Enlil, via Ur5-bi-šeba-du11, in the name of Namah, son of Ur-gigir. Seal of Šeš-kalla, his (Namah's) son. Month: Amar-a-a-si. Year: Huhnuri was destroyed. Šeš-kalla, the scribe, son of Namah.

~2043 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

TCL 02, 5557

Ur-nigar (concerning) Abba-saga: because he held a claim of silver against him, he invokes(?) the oath by the name of the king twice(?). On the day of the new moon of the month Ki-siki-Ninazu he declared: "I will repay it." Year: En-unugal was installed (as en-priest) of Inanna. [The man(?)] who swore by the name of the king: [..., Ur]-nigar, the livestock administrator (šuš₃). [...] who held [...] to [...]-saga to [...] — to be repaid. (Seal inscription:) Ur-nigar, scribe, son of Zu-[...].

Daily Life·Economy

~2042 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianOur engine

CUNES 52-04-081

To Ur-šukal speak: 1 shekel of silver, silver bearing interest — to Ibni-GIN₂ let him give it. Sealed tablet of Inim-Šara. Month: "Dal." Year after: "En-unugal (was installed) as en-priest of Inanna." (Seal inscription:) [Ur]-E[mah], the lumah-priest [of ...]: Inim-Šara, son of Šara-zame, is [your] servant.

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianOur engine

Erišum I 03

Documents Erišum I's temple construction at Aššur and its ritual furnishings — bronze duck weights and beer vats — giving the earliest detailed record of cultic equipment in an Assyrian royal building inscription.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianOur engine

Erišum I 06

Attests Erišum I's construction of Aššur's temple in the god's own city, anchoring the earliest stratum of Assyrian royal piety and the vice-regent (iššiak Aššur) titulature that defined Old Assyrian kingship.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianOur engine

Erišum I 10

Erišum I consecrates the Aššur temple 'Wild Bull' by mixing ghee and honey into the mortar — one of the earliest Assyrian royal building inscriptions, and evidence that the ritual deposit of clay cones as dynastic markers was already standard practice c. 1900 BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old BabylonianOur engine

Šamši-Adad I 02

Claims the Emašmaš temple in Nineveh as a restoration of a structure built by Maništušu of Agade, asserting Assyrian dynastic continuity across seven generations of post-Akkadian history.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old BabylonianRIAo

Šamši-Adad I 11

Attests Šamši-Adad I's self-presentation as temple-builder of Aššur, anchoring his reign within the city-god's cult at the moment Assyria first emerged as a territorial kingdom.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Aminu 2002

(1) Muqaddimum, servant of Aminu.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Azuzu 2001 / Man-ištušu 2002

(1) Man-ištūšu, the king of the world. Azuzu, his servant, dedicated (this spear) to the god Beʾal-SI.SI.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 01

(1) [...] ... Erišum (I), overseer of (the god) Aššur, [son of Ilu-šūma], overseer of (the god) Aššur; Ilu-šūma (was) the son of Šalim-aḫum, [overseer of (the god) Aššur]; (and) Šalim-aḫum (was) the son of Puzur-Aššur (I), [overseer of (the god) Aššur]. (4) Erišum (I), vice-regent of Aššur: I [built] the holy [Step] Gate, (and) the chapel [for] my lord. I built a [high] throne (and) adorned the front of it with a precious stone (ḫušāru). I installed (its) doors. (8b) With (the god) Aššur, my lord, standing by me, I reserved land for (the god) Aššur, my lord, from the Sheep Gate to the…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 02

(1) Eriš[um (I)], vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of the god Aššur. (7) He built the temple (and) all of the temple area for the god Aššur, his lord, for his life, and the life of his city. (15) When I started the work, (when) my city was under my command, I made silver, gold, copper, tin, barley, and wool, as well as the payment of bran and straw, exempt from taxes. (26) I mixed ghee and honey into (the mortar of) every wall and (then) laid one layer of bricks. With the god Aššur, my lord, standing by me, I cleared houses from the Sheep Gate to the People’s Gate.…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 04

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of the god Aššur. (7) For the god Aššur, his lord, for his life, and the life of his city, he built the entire temple area of the temple of the god Aššur and the holy Step Gate, (as well as) the chapel of (the god) Aššur.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 05

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur. (7) For his life and the life of his city, he built all of the temple area for (the god) Aššur, his lord. He installed (its) doors.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 07

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of the god Aššur. (7) For (the god) Aššur, his lord, for his life, and the life of his city, he built the temple area of (the god) Aššur.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 08

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur. (7) It was Erišum (I), vice-regent of the god Aššur, who built [(...)] for [his] life.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 09

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of the god A[ššur], son of Ilu-[šūma], vice-regent of the god Aššur. (7) For his life, he built all of the temple area for the god Aššur, his lord.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 1001

(1') (No translation warranted.)

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 11

(i 1') (No translation possible) (ii 1') I cleared houses [from] the Sheep [Gate] to the People’s Gate. I fashioned two beer vats for the god Aššur, my lord. [I placed two] bronze duck figures, [each (weighing)] one talent, [at their] ba[se(s)]. (iii 1') (No translation possible) (iii 1'') (No translation possible)

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 12

(1) [Eri]šu[m (I), vice]-regent [of the god] Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, built a temple for (the god) Aššur, his lord. (7) (No translation possible)

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 13

(1) Eriš[um (I)], vice-regent of the god Aššur, built the temple of the god Aššur. Moreover, he fashioned the two beer vats.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~1900 BCE·Old AssyrianRIAo

Erišum I 14

(1) Erišum (I), vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Ilu-šūma, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur; Ilu-šūma (was) the son of Šalim-aḫum, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur; (and) Šalim-aḫum (was) the son of Puzur-Aššur (I), vice-regent of (the god) Aššur. (14) Erišum, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur: With the god Adad standing by me and for the god Adad, my lord, for my life, and the life of my city, I built the temple and its temple area. Moreover, I installed (its) doors. (27) (As for) the one who would remove th(is) tablet, may the gods Aššur, Adad, [and] Bēl, my god, destroy his [seed].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

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