Chapter 07 · 911 – 609 BCE

Neo-Assyrian

Empire, library, terror, scholarship.

Illustration: Scholars examining clay tablets in an Assyrian archive at Nineveh
An archive at Nineveh, around 650 BCE.

~885 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta II 16

“(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria.”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q006046/

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~885 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta II 17

“(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king [of ..., son of Adad]-nārārī (II), king of [Assyria, ...]”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q006047/

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~883 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 018

“(1') [In my accession year (and) in my first regnal year, after] I sat on [the throne of my royal majesty] in a grandiose manner, I mus[tered (my) chariot]ry (and) [extensiv]e troops. I [co]nquered inaccessible fortresses round about. I rec[eived] a tribute of horses from the land Gilzānu. ... [Because] horses were not (continually) brought in hither to me I [became angry and] marched to the cities Ḫarira (and) Ḫalḫalauš, which (were under the authority) of the guilty rulers. Those I conquered in the eponymy of Ashurnasirpal (II) (882) . I took out their property, booty, possessions, (and)…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004472/

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~875 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 001

“(i 1) To the god Ninurta, the strong, the almighty, the exalted, foremost among the gods, the splendid (and) perfect warrior whose attack in battle is unequalled, the eldest son who commands battle (skills), offspring of the god Nudimmud, warrior of the Igīgū gods, the capable, ruler of the gods, offspring of Ekur, the one who holds the bond of heaven (and) netherworld, the one who opens springs, the one who walks the wide netherworld, the god without whom no decisions are taken in heaven and netherworld, the swift, the ferocious, the one whose command is unalterable, foremost in the (four)…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004455/

Read the full tablet entry

~875 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 002

Preserves Ashurnasirpal II's titulary in full — the layered chain of divine election, genealogy, and universal kingship that legitimised Neo-Assyrian imperial ideology in the 9th century BCE.

“(1) Palace of Ashurnasirpal (II), vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, chosen of the gods Enlil and Ninurta, beloved of the gods Anu and Dagān, destructive weapon of the great gods, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria; the valiant man who acts with the support of (the god) Aššur, his lord, and who has no rival among the rulers of the four quarters (of the world); marvelous shepherd, fearless in battle, mighty…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004456/

Read the full tablet entry

~875 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 003

“(1) To the god Ninurta, the strong, the almighty, the exalted, foremost among the gods, the splendid (and) perfect warrior whose attack in battle is unequalled, the eldest son who commands battle (skills), offspring of the god Nudimmud, warrior of the Igīgū gods, the capable, ruler of the gods, offspring of Ekur, the one who holds the bond of heaven (and) netherworld, the one who opens springs, the one who walks the wide netherworld, the god without whom no decisions are taken in heaven and netherworld, the swift, the ferocious, the one whose command is unalterable, foremost in the (four)…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004457/

Read the full tablet entry

~875 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 004

“(1') son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria. (2'b) For my life, so that my days might be long, my years be many, (for) the well-being of my seed (and) my land, (for) the safekeeping of my vice-regal [throne], (for) abundance in my city, (for) the increase of my people, (for) the thriving of my people in Assyria, [for the scorching of] my enemies, for the destruction of my [dangerous foes], to [subdue] under me rulers who oppose me;”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004458/

Read the full tablet entry

~875 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Ashurnasirpal II 009

“(1) Ashurnasirpal (II), great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), gre[at] king, strong [kin]g, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), [(who was) also] great king, strong king, king of the world (and) king of [Assyria].”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004463/

Read the full tablet entry