Chapter 07 · 911 – 609 BCE

Neo-Assyrian

Empire, library, terror, scholarship.

Illustration: Scholars examining clay tablets in an Assyrian archive at Nineveh
An archive at Nineveh, around 650 BCE.

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 036

“(1) Palace of Shalmaneser (III), king of all of the people, ruler, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Ashurnasirpal (II), appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) also appointee of the god Enlil (and) vice-regent of (the god) Aššur; (4) the conqueror of the Sea of the Naʾiri land(s), the Sea of the Setting Sun, which is also called (lit. “and”) the Sea of the land Amurru. In my fifteenth year, I crossed the Euphrates River for the twelfth time (and) gained dominion over the land Ḫatti to its full extent.”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004641/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 037

“(1) Palace of Shalmaneser (III), king of all of the people, ruler, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, [son of Ashurnasir]pal (II), appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) also appointee of the god Enlil (and) vice-regent of (the god) Aššur; (3b) the conqueror of the Sea of the Naʾiri land(s), the Sea of the Setting Sun, which is also called (lit. “and”) the Sea of the land Amurru: I gained dominion over the land Ḫatti to its full extent.”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004642/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 038

“(1) For the goddess Ištar, the great lady, [...], the lady of battle (and) strife, the one who performs [...] turmoil ... [...] ... [...] (5) secret shrine [...] ... [...] clothed in [...] ... [...] ... [...] (10) [Shalma]neser (III), [(...)] king [...] (1') [... son of Ashurnasirpal (II), the exalted ruler] whose priesthood [was pleasing] to [the gods and (who)] made [all of the lands] bow down [at his feet, the pure] offspring [of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), the one who] slew [all of his enemies] and annihilated (them) like a flood; (4'b) [the conqueror from the Upper Sea and] Lower Sea of the…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004643/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 039

“(1) Shalmaneser (III), strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Ashurnasirpal (II), king of Assyria, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) [also king of Assyria]; the conqueror from the Sea of the Naʾiri land(s) [to the Sea of Chaldea], which is called the Bitter Sea. I (lit. “he”) conquered [as far as] the Sea of the Setting Sun. I marched to Babylon (and) Borsippa (and) made sacrifices. (6b) At that time, the temple of the gods Anu (and) Adad, my lords, which previously Tiglath-pileser (I), son of Mutakkil-Nusku, <had built>, had become dilapidated (and), in its entirety, I…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004644/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 040

“(i 1) Shalmaneser (III), great king, strong king, king of all four quarters (of the world), the fierce (and) capable one, the rival of the great rulers of the world (and) kings; son of Ashurnasirpal (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria; the conqueror of the lands Enzi, Gilzānu, Ḫubuškia, (and) U...: I brought about [their] destruction and swept over them like fire. (i 10b) I uprooted Aḫūnu of (Bīt-)Adini (lit. “son of Adinu”), together with his gods, his troops, his horses, (and) his palace property (and)…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004645/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 041

“(1) Shalmaneser (III), the chosen of [the god Enlil, the vanquisher of] all of (his) enemies, the subduer of the insubmissive, strong [king], king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Ashur[nasirpal (II), king of] the world, king of Assyria, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), [(who was) also] king of the world [and] king of [Assyria]. (2b) At that time, (as for) the temple of the god Adad, which [...], an ancestor of mine who came before me, had previously built, that temple had become dilapidated. I delineated its area (and) reached its foundation pit. I built [(and completed (it) [from its…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004646/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 042

“(1) Shalmaneser (III), [strong] king, [king of the world, king of Assyria], son of Ashurnasirpal (II), [strong] king, [king of the world, king of Assyria], son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) [also strong] king, [king of the world, and king of Ass]yria: (4) For his life and the well-being of his [city], its wall and gates, which previously (other) kings who came before me had built, had become dilapidated and, in their (text: “its”) entirety, I built (them) from its foundation(s) to its crenellations. I deposited my clay cone (therein). (10) May a future ruler restore its dilapidated…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004647/

Read the full tablet entry

~850 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Shalmaneser III 043

“(1) Shalmaneser (III), vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Ashurnasirpal (II), vice-regent of the god Aššur, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), (who was) [also] vice-regent of the god Aššur. (4) For his life and the well-being of his city, both walls and their gates, which previously (other) kings who came me had built, had become dilapidated and, in their (text: “its”) entirety, I built (them) from its foundation(s) to its crest(s). I deposited my clay cones (therein). (9) May a future ruler, when the walls and gates become dilapidated, rebuild them. The gods Aššur (and) Adad, the great gods,…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q004648/

Read the full tablet entry