Chapter 00 · 1400 – 1077 BCE

Middle Assyrian

Aššur's first imperial expansion.

~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 07

“(1) [Tukultī-Ninurta (I), king of the world, strong king, king of Assyria, king of kings, lord of lords], king of the four quarters (of the world), conqueror of [the rebellious — those who do not submit to him (and) who are hostile to the god Aššur — crusher of the lands] Uqumanî and Papḫû — [difficult mountain (regions) — defeater of the rulers of the (land) Qutû, as far as the land Meḫri], disperser of the forces of [the land Šubarû to (its) full extent, together with the remote Naʾiri lands], as far as the border [of Makan, capturer of the four quarters (of the world) above and below; son…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005843/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 08

“(1') [...] loved one of the god [...] the great [gods], support [...] (the king whom) they always allowed to exercise rule [in the (four) quarters (of the world) and who conquered all of those (rulers) who did not bow down to him, capturer of enemy lands, extender of borders], strong [king], loved one of the great gods, of [lordly] lineage [whose priesthood in Ekur and whose rule over all of the people the god Enlil from of old made great, am I; son of Sha]lmaneser (I), king of Assyria, (and) son of [Adad-nārārī (I), (who was) also king of Assyria]. (6') [When (the god) Aššur, my lord ...]…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005844/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 09

“(10') the insubmissive, I conquered. From (Mount) Tulsinâ, the ... mountain, (the region) between the cities Šasilu and Mašḫaṭ-šarri on the opposite bank of the Lower Zab, (from) the district of the wide land Qutû, the entirety of Mount Kāšiāru, to the lands Kummuḫu, (A)madani, Niḫani, Alaya, Tepurzi, Purulumzi, all of the wide land Šubarû [to] the bank of the Euphrates River, [(the great gods)] allotted these regions to me. I brought [all of] (my) enemies under [one] command. (28') The ruler who accepts [their gifts, the shepherd] who has charge over [them, and the herdsman (who properly…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005845/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 10

“(1) Tukultī-Ninurta (I), king of the world, strong king, king of Assyria, chosen of (the god) Aššur, vice-regent of (the god) Aššur, attentive shepherd, favorite of the gods Anu and Enlil, whose name the god Aššur and the great gods faithfully called, the one to whom they gave the four quarters (of the world) to administer and the one to whom they entrusted their dominion, [...] the one who encircled enemy lands [above (and)] below, strong king, [capable in] battle, the one who shepherds the [four] quarters (of the world) at the heels of the god [Šamaš], am I; [son of] Shalmaneser (I), [king…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005846/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 1001

“(1') [...] ... [...] wide and, which fro[m ...] plundering of the [four] quarters (of the world) [...] midst of their warriors [...] all of their settlements [...] I made [...] bow down [at my feet. Moreover, I imposed] corvée [(...)]. (8') [At that time], I marched [to the lands Šarnid]a (and) land Meḫri. [By means of the troops of the land Qutû], which the god Aššur and the great gods [had allotted to me, I] cut down [mighty beams of the land Meḫri] (and) brought (them) to my city, Aššur. [I buttressed the palace of my lordly majesty, which I l]ove with those beams from (the land) Meḫri.…”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005879/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 1002

In plain English

Only fragments remain, but the message follows a familiar royal script: a king who reigned before me built this temple; over time it decayed and grew old. I rebuilt it completely, from its foundations up to its parapets, making it finer than it was before, and I placed my inscribed monument inside it. When in the future the building grows old again, may the ruler of that day restore it. The opening lines naming the king, the middle passage, and the closing blessing are all lost to damage.

AI-generated reading paraphrase; compare with the translation below.

“(Beginning broken) [...] a king who came be[fore me ...] [... the temple] had become dilapidated and o[ld ...] [...] ... (traces) [...] [... I rebuilt it from] its foundations to [its] crenel[lations ...] [... which] more than before I [made greater/more splendid ...] [... my monumental inscription] I deposited. To/For [...] [... when (that temple) again] becomes old and [dilapidated, may a future prince restore it ...] [...] ... (traces) [...] (Remainder broken)”

Source: engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved) · claude-fable-5 · medium confidence

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 1003

“(1') I built the holy dwelling of the god Aššur, [my lord], and established (it) as the residence of the king [of the gods, the great] mountain. (3'b) May a [future] ruler renovate [its] dilapidated section(s) (and) [return] my inscribed name to [its] place. The god Aššur [will (then) listen] to his prayers.”

Source: Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online (RIAo), Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; in association with the RINAP Project, University of Pennsylvania. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/Q005881/

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~1300 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Tukulti-Ninurta I 1004

In plain English

Only slivers of each line survive. The text names King Tukulti-Ninurta and calls him the one chosen by a god over the people. It speaks of kings who, from some point onward — the rest is lost — and hails him as the slayer of the land of Al[zu?], ruling out to the farthest border, a king who marched along roads never before opened. The final line preserves only illegible traces, and the rest of the inscription is broken away.

AI-generated reading paraphrase; compare with the translation below.

“(1) [... Tukul]tī-Ninurta [...] (2) [...] the people, chosen of the god [...] (3) [...]s, the kings who from [...] (4) [...] slayer of the land Al[zu (?) ...] (5) [...] to the full extent of the border(s), king [...] [...] (6) [...] untrodden paths [...] (7) [...] (traces) [...] (Remainder broken)”

Source: engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved) · claude-fable-5 · medium confidence

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