Chapter 03 · 2334 – 2154 BCE

Akkadian Empire

Sargon brings rival city-states under imperial rule.

Illustration: A temple priestess and scribes working in an Akkadian-period courtyard
A temple courtyard at Ur, around 2300 BCE.

~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue E

“(1) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš. (i 1) Since Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, the lady of abundance, the lady who decides Ĝirsu's fate, the lady (who is) the judge of her city, the lady who likes the servants, the lady of lost things, his lady, chose Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu and the E-ĝidru, his temple of seven niches, in her holy heart, he, being a reverent slave of her lady, has proclaimed his lady's exaltedness unceasingly and observed the rituals of Bau, his lady. (ii 9) When for Bau, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, he…”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001544/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue F

“(1) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, devotee of Ĝatumdug. (i 1) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, devotee of Ĝ̃atumdug, your beloved slave, who made an eternal thing appear and built Ninĝirsu's E-ninnnu-anzud-babbar, to whom Ĝ̃atumdug, his lady, gave birth in the shining sanctuary of Lagaš, her beloved city, was eager to build the temple of Ĝ̃atumdug, the mother of Lagaš, his lady. (ii 6) Being a ruler of Lagaš with broad wisdom, and a slave reverent of his lady, Gudea made a magical drawing on the brick making shed, and made a standard shine at the clay pit. He mixed the clay in a holy place, and made the…”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001545/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue G

“(i 1) For Ninĝirsu, the powerful warrior of Enlil, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu, built Ninĝirsu, his master's E-ĝidru, the temple of seven niches, the temple whose scepter takes precedence, (and) for which Ninĝirsu decided a good fate. Ninĝirsu dispatches the joyful bridewealth of Bau, the child of An, his beloved spouse, from this (temple). (Gudea's) personal god, Ninĝišzida follows them, (and) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, escorts them from Ĝirsu to Iri-kug to congratulate (on the occasion). (ii 17) In this very year he transported diorite from the mountains…”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001546/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue H

“(i 1) For Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, the lady of abundance, the child of holy An, his lady, after building her beloved temple, the E-tarsirsir, the temple which is the ornament of Iri-kug, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, transported diorite from the mountains of Magan, fashioned his statue from it, named it for her sake "The lady, the beloved child of holy An, mother Bau from E-tarsirsir, granted well-being to Gudea"; and brought it before her in the temple in Iri-kug.”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001547/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue I

“(i 1) When Ninĝirsu, the powerful warrior of Enlil, had established a dwelling in the city and established fields and canals on the agricultural land for Ninĝišzida, child of Ninazu, the beloved of the gods, (and when) for Ninĝirsu, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the just person who is loved by his personal god, had built his E-ninnu-anzud-babbar and the E-ĝidru, his temple of seven niches, then for Nanše, the mighty lady, his lady, he built her E-sirara, the mountain rising from among the houses, for the great gods of Lagaš, he built their temples, (and) for Ninĝišzida, his personal god,…”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001548/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue K

“(i 1') .... (ii 2) He transported diorite from the mountains of Magan, fashioned his statue from it, named it for her his sake “As I am ... loved by his master, may my life be prolonged!”, and brought it before him into the E-ninnu. (iii 1) Whoever erases its inscription, removes ..., or strips it from its regular offering, (which is) 1 sila of flour (and) 1 sila of husked emmer groats, may Ninĝirsu, the king of weapons, Bau, the child of An, and Ig-alima and Šul-šagana, the beloved children of Ninĝirsu, uproot him, (and) put an end to his lineage!”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001549/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue M

“(1) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, who built the temple of Ninĝišzida and the temple of Ĝeštin-ana. (i 1) For Ĝeštin-ana, the lady who grew with him, the beloved spouse of Ninĝišzida, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Ĝirsu. He fashioned his statue, named it for her sake "She stood by the entreaties", and brought it before her into the temple.”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001551/

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~2130 BCE · Reconstructed composite — see ORACC entry for manuscript witnesses

Gudea Statue N

“(1) Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, who built the temple of Ninĝišzida and the temple of Ĝeštin-ana. (i 1) For Ĝeštin-ana, the lady who grew with him, the beloved spouse of Ninĝišzida, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Ĝirsu. He fashioned his statue, named it for her sake "Ĝeštin-ana granted well-being to him", and brought it before her into the temple.”

Source: Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions (ETCSRI), University of Vienna, edited by Gábor Zólyomi et al. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001552/

Read the full tablet entry