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Disk of Enheduanna
The literary tradition is no longer anonymous from this point. Authorship — the idea that a specific human voice composes a specific work — enters the historical record with her.
MythologyWriting & LiteratureMan-ištušu 1
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on its socle.
LawNaram-Suen 14
(1) ... installed it in the temple of Enlil. (3) At that time Su’āš-takal, the estate administrator of the king was its leader; Irina-badbi was the temple administrator of Enlil.
LawNaram-Suen 2001
(1) Narām-Suen, king of Agade, king of the four quarters: Irina-badbi, temple administrator of Enlil, is your servant.
LawNaram-Suen 2018
(1) To Ningublaga of Asug-ĝišdua, Išṭup-ilum, his estate administrator dedicated this (plaque) for the well-being of Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, and for the well-being of En-men-ana.
LawNaram-Suen 2019 / CDLI Seals 001417 (CDLI Seals 001417 (physical))
(1) En-men-ana: Ursi, the doorkeeper, is her servant.
LawNaram-Suen 2020 / CDLI Seals 005992 (CDLI Seals 005992 (composite))
(1) Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, En-men-ana, the en-priestess of Nanna, his child: ..., the scribe, is her slave.
LawRimuš 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written at his left side.
LawRimuš 18 (Sumerian)
(1) Rimuš, king of the world: Since the dawn of time no one had ever fashioned a tin statue for Enlil, (but now) Rimuš, king of the world fashioned a tin statue of himself and set it up before Enlil. He counted himself among the gods. (20) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may Enlil and Utu uproot him and destroy his lineage! (colophon 1, 1) Inscription of a šahum cauldron. (colophon 2, 1) Inscription ... of Rimuš.
LawRimuš 2001
(1') To ..., ..., ... of Šuruppak, chosen by Sud in the heart, whose name was proclaimed by Nin-ĝidru, ... for the well-being of his king, Rimuš, king of the world.
LawŠar-kali-šarri 4 (Sumerian)
(1) Enlil spoke: He gave all ... to Šar-kali-šarri, the powerful king, cup-bearer of Enlil, king of Akkad, king of Enlil's people. After he had arrived at the source of the Tigris and the Euphrates, he himself dedicated this (object) to Enlil in Nibru. (colophon 1, 1) The number of its (lines) is six.
LawSargon 01 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of Agade, commissioner of Inana, king of the world, išib priest of An, king of the Land, chief governor of Enlil, conquered the city of Unug and demolished its city-walls. He fought with the leader of Unug and defeated him. (21) He fought with Lugal-zagesi, king of Unug, captured him, and took him to the gate of Enlil in a neck stock. (30) Šarrukin, king of Agade, fought with the leader of Urim and defeated him. He conquered his city and demolished its city-walls. (42) He conquered the temple of Ninmarki, and demolished its walls. From Lagaš until the sea he conquered all…
LawSargon 02
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. It was written in front of Lugalzagesi.
LawSargon 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
LawSargon 06
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written on the socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on the shoulder of Lugalzagesi.
LawSargon 07
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. ....
LawSargon 11 (Akkadian)
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
LawSargon 11 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of the world, was victorious in 34 battles. He demolished all city walls as far as the shore of the sea. He moored the ships of Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun at the quay of Agade. (14) In Tuttul, Šarrukin, the king, prostrated himself before Dagan and prayed to him. (Dagan then) gave him the Upper land, (including) Mari, Yarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the cedar forests and the mountains of precious metal. (29) In the presence of Šarrukin, the king whom Enlil made a man without opponent, 13 (units) of troops eat daily. (38) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may An obliterate his name, may Enlil put an end to his lineage, may Inana cut his ... short! (colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle.
LawSargon 12
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
LawSargon 13
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle.
LawSargon 15
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
LawSargon 16
(1) Enheduana, the zirru-priestess, Nanna's spouse, child of Šarrukin, king of the world, erected an altar in the temple of Inana-ZAZA in Urim. She named it “The altar is An's table”.
LawSargon 2001
(1') ..., the estate adminstrator of Tašlultum, Šarrukin's spouse, ... for the well-being ....
LawSargon 2003 / CDLI Seals 001436 (CDLI Seals 001436 (physical))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: Ilum-palil is her hairdresser.
LawSargon 2004 / CDLI Seals 001437 (CDLI Seals 001437 (physical))
(1) Adda, steward of En-hedu-ana.
LawSargon 2005 / CDLI Seals 012025 (CDLI Seals 012025 (composite))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: ... is her servant.
LawSargon 2006add
(1) To Šara of the E-mah, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
LawSargon 2007add
(1) To Šara of the Abzu-banda, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Law
Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 2
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. It records a
MythologyGudea 001
(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug.
LawGudea 002
(1) For Bau, the child of An, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug.
Law
Gudea 003
Gudea's dedication of Bau's temple at Iri-kug documents the pre-Ur III ruler of Lagaš as a temple-builder for An's daughter, anchoring his legitimacy in divine patronage rather than military conquest.
Law
Gudea 004
Records Gudea of Lagaš's construction of a temple to Bau at Iri-kug, anchoring the goddess's cult site to a specific Lagašite ruler and expanding the known catalogue of his building projects beyond the celebrated E-ninnu.
LawGudea 005
(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the daughter of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu, built her city wall of Iri-kug.
LawGudea 006
(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her city wall of Iri-kug.
LawGudea 007
(i 1) For Bau, the kind woman, the daughter of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, ... builder Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu-anzud-babbar, ... Bau ....
Law
Gudea 008
Gudea's dedication of a temple to Dumuzid-abzu at Ĝirsu attests the ruler's active patronage of a goddess otherwise sparsely documented in royal building inscriptions of the Lagaš II period.
LawGudea 009
(1) For Enki, king of the Abzu, the eternal and immutable king, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his temple on the bank of the Tigris.
LawGudea 010
(1) To Enlil, the king of the gods, for the sanctuary in Nibru, the Dur-an-ki, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the boat-tower of the E-kur, dedicated this (vessel) for his well-being.
Law
Gudea 011
Attests Gudea's construction of a temple to Ĝatumdug at Iri-kug, anchoring the goddess's cult site and Lagaš's sacred geography during the Neo-Sumerian revival.
LawGudea 011a
(1) For Ĝatumdug, the mother of Lagaš, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug. This is (part) of the door.
LawGudea 012
(1) For Ĝatumdug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, devotee of Ĝatumdug, built her temple in Iri-kug.
LawGudea 013
(1) For Ĝatumdug, the mother of Lagaš, ..., his mother who bore him, built her temple in Ĝirsu.
LawGudea 014
(1) For Ḫendursaĝ, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his temple.
LawGudea 015
(1) For Ḫendursaĝ, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, ....
Law