Sumerian·Book

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~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Sargon 2007add

(1) To Šara of the Abzu-banda, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.

Law
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a roving band of stateless people, ba

Daily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 2

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. It records a

Mythology
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

CT 50, 049

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 049. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Daily Life
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

CT 50, 098

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 098. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Daily Life
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

CT 50, 129

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 129. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Daily Life
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

CT 50, 161

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — CT 50, 161. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Daily Life
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 001

(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 002

(1) For Bau, the child of An, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 003

Gudea's dedication of Bau's temple at Iri-kug documents the pre-Ur III ruler of Lagaš as a temple-builder for An's daughter, anchoring his legitimacy in divine patronage rather than military conquest.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 004

Records Gudea of Lagaš's construction of a temple to Bau at Iri-kug, anchoring the goddess's cult site to a specific Lagašite ruler and expanding the known catalogue of his building projects beyond the celebrated E-ninnu.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 005

(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the daughter of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu, built her city wall of Iri-kug.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 006

(1) For Bau, the kind woman, the child of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her city wall of Iri-kug.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 007

(i 1) For Bau, the kind woman, the daughter of An, the lady of Iri-kug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, ... builder Ninĝirsu's E-ninnu-anzud-babbar, ... Bau ....

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 008

Gudea's dedication of a temple to Dumuzid-abzu at Ĝirsu attests the ruler's active patronage of a goddess otherwise sparsely documented in royal building inscriptions of the Lagaš II period.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 009

(1) For Enki, king of the Abzu, the eternal and immutable king, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his temple on the bank of the Tigris.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 010

(1) To Enlil, the king of the gods, for the sanctuary in Nibru, the Dur-an-ki, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the boat-tower of the E-kur, dedicated this (vessel) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 011

Attests Gudea's construction of a temple to Ĝatumdug at Iri-kug, anchoring the goddess's cult site and Lagaš's sacred geography during the Neo-Sumerian revival.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 011a

(1) For Ĝatumdug, the mother of Lagaš, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple in Iri-kug. This is (part) of the door.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 012

(1) For Ĝatumdug, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, devotee of Ĝatumdug, built her temple in Iri-kug.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 013

(1) For Ĝatumdug, the mother of Lagaš, ..., his mother who bore him, built her temple in Ĝirsu.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 014

(1) For Ḫendursaĝ, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his temple.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 015

(1) For Ḫendursaĝ, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, ....

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 016

Gudea's dedication of the E-mehušgal-anki temple to Igalim, son of the city-god Ninĝirsu, documents the religious building program through which Lagaš's rulers asserted divine favour and civic identity in the late third millennium.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 017

(1) To Igalim, the beloved child of Ninĝirsu, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, dedicated this (mace) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 018

Attests Gudea's construction of an Inana temple at Ĝirsu, adding one entry to the catalogue of Lagašite royal building programs that defined Neo-Sumerian piety and statecraft before the Ur III unification.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 019

Attests Gudea of Lagaš's construction of a temple to Inana at Ĝirsu, adding one data point to the corpus of his building activity in the late 3rd millennium.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 020

(1) For Inana, the lady of all lands, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, devotee of Ĝatumdug, built her E-ana in Ĝirsu.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 021

(1) For Inana, the lady of all lands, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her E-ana in Ĝirsu.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 022

(1) For Inana, the lady of all lands, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 023

(1) To Inana, the lady of all lands, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, dedicated this (vessel) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 024

Records Gudea of Lagaš's construction of a temple to Mešlamta-ea in Ĝirsu, adding one data point to the corpus of pre-Ur III royal building inscriptions that map Sumerian cultic geography.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 025

Gudea's dedication of the E-sirara temple to Nanše at Niĝin attests the governor of Lagaš's active patronage of a goddess whose portfolio explicitly included boundary-setting and social justice, linking civic piety to legal order in the Ur III period.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 026

Records Gudea of Lagaš's restoration of Nanše's temple E-sirara at Niĝin, adding a dateable monument to the corpus of pre-Ur-III Lagašite royal piety toward the boundary-goddess.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 027

(1) For Nanše, the mighty lady, the lady of the boundaries, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, made an eternal thing appear: he built and restored her E-sirara, the mountain rising from among the houses, in her beloved city, Niĝin, (and) restored her lofty city wall.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 028

(1) For Nanše, the mighty lady, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her temple.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 029

(1) For Nanše, the mighty lady, the lady of the boundaries, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built her E-engur in Zulum.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 030

Dedicatory inscription from Gudea of Lagaš recording temple construction for Ninazu at Ĝirsu: evidence that this neo-Sumerian ruler maintained a personal divine patron distinct from the city-god Ningirsu.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 031

Attests Gudea's building of a temple for Nindara at Ĝirsu, adding one entry to the catalogue of his construction projects that defined Lagaš's late third-millennium religious landscape.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 032

(1) For Nindara, the mighty master, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his beloved temple, the E-lalde in Kieša.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 033

(1) To Nindara, the mighty master, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of the E-sirara, Nanše's temple, dedicated this (mace) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 034

(1) To Nindara, the mighty master, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, dedicated this (mace/bowl) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 035

(1) For Nindub, his master, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, built his temple.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 036

(1) To Ninegala, the lady of the scepter, his lady, Gudea, ruler of Lagaš, dedicated this (vessel) for his well-being.

Law
~2130 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI

Gudea 037

Gudea's dedication of the E-ninnu temple to the warrior-god Ninĝirsu at Lagaš, attesting the Sumerian practice of framing royal construction as an act of cosmic completion rather than mere civic building.

Law