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~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 466. Fragment of a Bel-duri Document (ADD 0485)

(Beginning destroyed) (1) [...... or] his labour-duty [superior], seeks [a lawsuit or litiga]tion against Bel-duri, [his sons (and)] his [gran]dsons, (5) shall place 5 [minas of silver (and) x mi]nas of gold before [Ištar resid]ing in Arbela, [shall tie] white horses at the fe[et of Aššur], shall bring four harbakannu horses to the feet of Nergal, and shall return the money tenfold [to] its [owner. He shall contest] in his lawsuit and not succeed. (r 5) [Witness NN], commander of (mounted) scouts. (r 6) [Witness NN, (... of the)] palace herald. (r 7) [Witness NN], son of Gimillu. (r 8) [Witness NN], deputy priest. (r 9) [Witness NN], royal bodyguard. (r 10) [Witness ...]ayu, [...]. (r 11) [Witness NN], .... (Rest destroyed)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 467. Bel-duri Buys […] (ADD 0495)

(Beginning destroyed) (1) [...... are purchased and acq]uired. Any revocation, lawsuit, or litigation is void. (3) Whoever in the future, [at any t]ime, lo[d]ges a complaint (or) breaks the contract, [whet]her Bessi-na'dat or his prefect or his go[ver]nor or any relative of his [o]r the m[ayo]r of his city, and seeks a lawsuit or litigation against Bel-duri and [his sons and] his [grandsons, shall place one ta]lent of [refi]ned silver (and) one mina of p[ur]e gold in the lap of [Išt]ar residing in Nineveh, [shall return the mone]y [tenfo]ld [to its owners]. He shall contest [in his lawsuit (and not succeed)]. (Rest destroyed)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 468. Urdu-Inurta Buys 11 Hectares of Land in Huli (ADD 1185)

(1) [Instead of] his seal he impressed his fingernail. (2) [Fi]ngernail of Inurta-na'di, owner of the field being sold. (stamp seal impressions) (3) An estate of 2 hectares of land adjoining the field of [...] adjoining the road that le[ads] to Enati. (5) An estate of 1 hectare 6 decares of field adjoining Man[nu-ki-Adad], adjoining the field of Ṭab-bel. (6) An estate of 1 [hectare of field] adjoining Ter-dala, adjoining [NN], adjoining the steppe road. (8) An estate of 1 he[ctare of field] adjoining [...]..., adjoining [...]. (10) An estate of 5 decares of field in the wadi o[f ...]…

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 469. Purchase of Slaves (ADD 0302)

(1) Fingernail of Erihi, temple steward [of] Nabû, owner of the people being sold. (unused seal space) (Rest destroyed)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 470. Putayu Buys Land (ADD 1175+)

(1) [Instead of his seal he impressed] his fingernail. (2) [Fingernail of Urdu-Dag]an, [..., owner of the land being s]old. (fingernail impressions) (4) [An estate of ... adjoining] the road to Calah. (5) [......] Ṣuṣi (6) [...] ditto Apaya, (7) [...] ditto Se'-amuti. (8) [...]... Calah. (9) [......] field of Adad-ibni, (10) [...] ditto ditto Nergal-na'di, (11) [...] 3 decares of field in cultivation — (12) Putaya [has contract]ed and bought [from ...]unu [for x minas of silver]. (15) [The money is pa]id [completely]. That field is [purchased and acquired]. Any revocation, [lawsuit, or…

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 471. Manageress Lends Barley (ADD 0137)

(1) 200 barley, capit[al], belonging to the harem manageress of [...], at the disposal of Il-amara, chie[f of granaries]. (4) In the month of Ab (V), [...] (5) in Dur-Šarruken [...] (stamp seal impressions) (6) he shall give [...] (Break) (stamp seal impressions) (r 1) [[Witness]] (r 2) Witness Terik-[...]. (r 3) Witness Šarru-ila'[i, ...]. (r 4) Witness Qur[di-...]. (blank space of one line) (r 5) Month Tam[muz (IV), ...]th [day, eponym year of ...]. (r 6) Witness Nabû-ašare[d, ...]. (stamp seal impressions)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 472. Priest of Bel Buys a Woman (ADD 0216)

(Beginning destroyed) (1) [(NN), prie]st of Bel (has contracted and) bought her from Sin-belu-uṣur for one mina of silver. (4) The money is paid completely. That woman is purchased and acquired. Any revocation, lawsuit, or litigation is vo[id]. (7) (Whoever) breaks the contract shall give one mina of silver and one mina of go[ld] to [Ištar] of Nine[veh], and shall retu[rn] the money ten[fold to its owner]. He shall contest in his lawsuit and n[ot succeed]. (r 4) Witness Adad-šumu-uṣur, servant of the chief eunuch. (r 6) Witness Hana-Se', [tan]ner of coloured leather. (Break) (e. 1) 1/2 mina of co[pper for his fingernail]. (e. 2) [...]

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 473. Dayan-Kurbail Buys Land (ADD 0386)

(Beginning destroyed) (seal space) (1) [An estate of x hectares of fiel]d according to the seah of 10 ['litres' ...] (2) [...]..., springs and a threshing floor (3) [adjoining the fiel]d of the town Urzunapi (4) [adjoining the fi]eld of Ahi-limmi, (5) [adjoining the fi]eld of Lu-šalim, (6) [...]..., a vacant lot, and an irrigated area — (7) Dayyan-Kurbail has [con]tracted and bought [fo]r 30 shekels by the mina of half (a mina) of silver. (9) The money is paid completely. That field is purchased and acquired. Any revocation, lawsuit, or litigation is void. (12) Whoever in the future, at any…

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 474. Ahu-la-amašši Buys Land (ADD 0520)

(Beginning destroyed) (1) [......] by the copper seah of 1 'litre' (2) [...]... (blank space of one line) (3) [... fi]eld of Aššur-zeru-ibni — (4) Ahu-la-amašši, horse trainer [has contract]ed and [bought from ...-ahhe] for 1 1/2 mina 2 shekels of silver. (6) [The money] is paid [compl]etely. [Those ... are purcha]sed and acquired. [Any revocation, la]wsuit, or litigation [is void]. (9) Whoever breaks the contract, [whether ...]-ahhe or his sons [or his neph]ews, and seeks [a lawsuit or litiga]tion [against Ahu-la-amaš]ši and his sons, (r 3) shall pay [x minas of silver (and) x] mina of gold…

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 475. Urdu Buys People (ADD 0259)

(1) Fingernail of Bel-iqbi, (2) Fingernail of Zeru-ibni, (3) Fingernail of Bel-abu-uṣur, (4) owner(s) of the people being sold. (space for fingernail impressions) (5) [...]-Marduk, his wife, (6) his [x sons], his 2 daughters, (7) [in all x per]sons, servants [of] these [men] — (9) Urdu [has contrac]ted and bought them [from] these men [for 1]80 (shekels of) copper. (12) [The money] is paid completely. The [people] are purchased and acquired. Any [revocat]ion, lawsuit, or litigation is void. (15) [Whoever in] the future lodges a complaint and seeks [a law]suit against Urdu and his sons, (18)…

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 476. A Court Decision on Behalf of Silim-Aššur

(1) The case which Sil[im-Aššur] argued with Sunî [......]. They approached the [...]. (4) Silim-[Aššur]. (unused seal space) (Rest destroyed or too broken for translation)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 477. Purchase of Land (664) (ADD 0398)

(1) [Seal of NN], owner of the field being sold. (cylinder seal impression) (2) [...]... in the town of Mi[r...], [adjoining DN]-šarru-uṣur, adjoining the city of Lahi[..., ...], adjoining a cave [..., adjoining] Aššur-belu-taqqin, [..., adjoin]ing Didî, [...] (Break) (r 1) [Witness] Sasî. (r 2) [Witness In]urtî. (r 3) [Witness ...]utu, son of Hari[...]. (r 4) [Witness A]dallala, conscript [...]. (r 5) [Witness Na]bû-šallim, conscript (of) [NN]. (r 6) [Witness D]idî. (r 7) [Witness Ba]nî. (r 8) [Witness ...]šušu. (r 9) [Witness ...]labarsu. (one line erased) (r 11) [Witness ...]-eriba, scri[be]. (r 12) [Month ..., x]th [day], epony[m] year of [Šarru-lu-da]ri, governor of Du[r-Šarruken].

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 478. Fragment of a Witness List (ADD 1201)

(Beginning destroyed) (r 3) Witness [NN]. (r 4) Witness Ahu-la-amaš[ši]. (r 5) Witness Agu[...]. (r 6) Witness Nergal-ša[rru-uṣur]. (r 7) [Witness] Nabû-[...]. (Rest destroyed)

LawEconomy
~655 BCE·Neo-AssyrianSAA 14

SAA 14 479. Fragment of a Remanni-Adad Document (ADD 1254)

(Beginning destroyed) (2) [.... in] Izalla — (3) [Remanni]-Adad, chief [chariot driver has contracted] (Rest destroyed)

LawEconomy
~650 BCE·Neo-AssyrianEditorial

Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet XI (the Flood)

The single most important literary discovery of the 19th century. It rewired the understanding of the Bible's literary context and proved that the Mesopotamian flood tradition is older. It is the oldest surviving epic poetry in human history.

MythologyWriting & Literature
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 01

Aššur-etel-ilāni's dedication of baked bricks for Ezida at Kalḫu — framed as a life-preservation rite — attests royal temple-building ideology persisting into the final turbulent years of the Assyrian Empire.

LawMythology
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 02

Addresses Marduk as 'Enlil of the gods' and supreme arbiter of both Igīgū and Anunnakū — attesting the late Assyrian theological strategy of absorbing Babylonian divine supremacy into royal piety.

LawMythology
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 03

(1) For the god Marduk, supreme lord, exalted hero, lord of lords, exalted, wh(ose) figure is splendid (and who) is vastly superior to all of the (other) gods, bearer of the awe-inspiring, terrible radiance, clothed in splendor, (5) who drove [off] the god Kingu, defeated the angry sea, (and) overcame the evil ones, who dwells in Eešerke — which is inside Sippar-Aruru — great lord, his lord: (8) Aššur-etel-ilāni, king of the world (and) king of Assyria, son of Ashurbanipal, king of the world (and) king of Assyria, (10) had a scepter of red gold made which was (then) presented for his…

LawMythology
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 04

(1a) For the god Uraš, exalted lord, foremost of the great gods of E-ibbi-Anum — the shrine (which is) worthy of honor — great lord, his lord: (2b) Aššur-etel-ilāni, king of Assyria, who renovated the shrine(s) of the great gods, son of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, shepherd of the black-headed, renovated E-ibbi-Anum, the holy place which is inside Dilbat, the abode of the god Uraš and the goddess Ninegal. He built (it) anew with baked bricks, the craft of the god Baḫar and, with regard to the foundation of the well, he (re-)established its position just as (it had been) in ancient times.…

LawMythology
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 05

(1) For [the god Enlil, lord of the la]nds, his [lord: Aššu]r-etel-ilāni, (5) his obedient [shephe]rd, who provides for Nippur, supporter of Ekur, mighty king, king of the four quarters (of the world), (re)built (10) Ekur, his beloved temple with baked bricks.

LawMythology
~627 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Aššur-etel-ilāni 06

(1) The tomb of Šamaš-ibni, the Dakkurian, upon whom Aššur-etel-ilāni, king of Assyria, had pity, brought from Assyria to Bīt-Dakkūri, his (own) country, and laid to rest in a tomb inside his home of Dūru-ša-Ladīni (“Fortress of Ladīnu”). (4) Whoever you are, whether governor or commander or judge or prince, who is appointed in the land, do not harm this tomb or (its) bone(s)! (But rather) look after its position (and) extend (your) good protection over it! For (doing) this, may the god Marduk, the great lord, lengthen your reign, establish his good protection over you, (and) bless your name,…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 01

Royal titulary of Sîn-šarru-iškun invokes ten deities across the Assyrian and Babylonian pantheons, documenting the deliberate theological diplomacy of the last generation of Sargonid kings before Nineveh fell in 612 BCE.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 02

Preserves the legitimating titulary of a late Sargonid king — likely Sîn-šarru-iškun — showing Sîn, Marduk, and Ea each conferring distinct attributes of rule within decades of Assyria's fall.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 03

Attests Sîn-šarru-iškun's full Sargonid titulary — king of Assyria, Sumer, and Akkad — anchoring his legitimacy claim within a dynastic chain stretching back to Sargon II, just years before Assyria's collapse in 612 BCE.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 04

Attests Sîn-šarru-iškun's building activity along the Tigris in the final decade of the Assyrian Empire, adding fragmentary but direct epigraphic evidence to a reign otherwise poorly documented in royal inscriptions.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 05

Attests late Sargonid royal building rhetoric — the formulaic 'foundation to crenellation' restoration topos — applied to an Assyrian cultic or palatial structure in the empire's final decades before Nineveh's fall in 612 BCE.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 06

(1) [I, Sîn-šar]ra-iškun, great king, strong king, king of the world, k[ing of Assyria, favored by the deities Aššur], Enlil, (and) Mullissu; pious governor, [... of Ešarra, humble ruler; chos]en by the steadfast hearts of the deities Sîn, Ningal, Šamaš, and Aya; beloved of [the deities Marduk, Zarpanītu, Nabû, (and) Tašmētu; the one chosen by the goddess Ištar who res]ides in Nineveh (and) the goddess Ištar who resides in Arbela, favorit[e of the gods Nergal and Nusku; (5) the one whom (the god) Aššur, the goddess Mulliss]u, and the great gods, my lords, steadfastly l[ooked upon] among my…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 07

Royal titulary of Sîn-šarru-iškun, one of Assyria's last kings before Nineveh fell in 612 BCE, attesting the Sargonid court's continued investment in divine-legitimation rhetoric even as the empire was collapsing.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 08

(i' 1') [conceiv]ed [in] my [heart to (re)buil]d [t]hat [temple] and [want]ed (to carry it out). [According to] its [original pla]n, [on] its [form]er [sit]e, [in a favorable month, (on) an au]spicious [day, according to the craft of the incantation pri]est, [... I fille]d in its [foundat]ion [with limesto]ne and [made (it) as high] as [a mount]ain. [I built (and) complet]ed (it) [from] its [foundation(s) to] its [crenellations. ...] (ii' 1') [I] offered [prime quality prize bulls (and) f]atten[ed fat-t]ai[led sheep] as pu[re] food offe[rings] befo[re] the god Nabû (and) the goddess [Tašmētu, my] lords, and (thus) I lavis[hly provided (for them) [insi]de (that) temp[le. The god Na]bû (and) the goddess Taš[mētu loo]ke[d with pleasure upon my good deed]s [and]

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 09

(i 1') As[syria]; the one who[m (the god) Aššur], the king [of the gods], with [his] benevol[ent] g[lance], looked [with] ple[asure upon and] selecte[d] for king[ship; to] ma[ke firm] (ii 1) [...] ... [to make the foundation of] the land [f]irm, [to dir]ect [the peo]ple of [As]syria, [...] ... (iii 1) governor of Babylon, king of the land of Sum[er] and Akk[ad]; (5) son of Sennac[herib], grea[t] king, stro[ng] king, king of [the world], (iv 1) they (the gods) [guided me and] ... [...] (vi 1') [May they (the gods) make his name, his seed], (and) his offspring [disa]ppear [from the land]. (vi 3') [..., ... day], eponymy of [Aššur-mātu]-taqqin, [gover]nor of [the city (Up)pummu].

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 10

(1) I, [Sîn-šarra-i]škun, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria; the one whom the deities Aššur, [Mullissu, M]arduk, Zarpanītu, Nabû, (and) Tašmētu steadfastly looked upon with their benevolent glance and selected for kingship; whom the light of heaven, the god Sîn, crowned with the crown of lordship to make the foundation of the land firm, to direct the people, to put in order what is confused, (5) (and) to repair what is destroyed; whose hand the god Nabû, overseer of the world, made grasp a just scepter (and) a true staff for shepherding a widespread population;…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 11

(1) I, Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria; son of Ashurbanipal, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad; son of Esarhaddon, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad; son of Sennacherib, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, ruler who has no rival; descendant of Sargon (II), great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad: (2b)…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 12

(1) I, Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria; son of Ashurbanipal, king of the world, king of Assyri[a]; son of Esarhaddon, king of the world, king of Ass[yria]; (5) son of Sennacherib, king of the world, king of Assyria; [de]s[cenda]nt of Sargon (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, [governor of B]abylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad: (8) At [the beginning of] my [king]ship, when the deities Aššur, Bēl (Marduk), Nabû, (and) [Ištar] gladly placed me (10) on the th[rone of the fa]ther who had engendered me, in place of an empty lot I built…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 13

Names four generations of Sargonid kings in a single titulary chain, offering a fixed synchronic anchor for the dynasty's self-legitimating genealogy in the final decade before Assyria's collapse.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 14

(1) [Palac]e of Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king, [strong] king, [king of the world, king of Assyria; son of As]hurbanipal, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of [Assyria; son of Es]arhaddon, great king, strong king, k[ing of the world, king of Assyria; son of Senn]acherib, great king, s[trong] king, [king of the world, king of Assyria; (5) descendan]t of Sargon (II), [great] k[ing, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, ...]

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 15

(1) [For the god Nabû, lord of ingenio]us things, the splendid one, s[on of] the ruler (Marduk), the nob[le one, the one who contr]ols the Igīgū (and) Anunnakū gods, the one who directs everything there is, the one who knows [the fate of the land, the merc]iful (and) compassionate one, the one who resides in Baltil (Aššur), the great lord, [his lord]: (4) Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of [Assyria]; (5) son of Ashurbanipal, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of [Assyria]; son of Esarhaddon, great king, strong king, king of the world, king of…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 16

(1) For the goddess Tašmētu, the goddess of acceptance and reconciliation, heroic one of the gods, sublime one of [goddesses], wife of the god Nabû — the firstborn son — who is endowed with sexual charm (and) filled with awe-insp[iring brilliance], the one who controls the Igīgū (and) Anunnakū gods, the one who directs everything there is, the one who accepts sup[plications, the one who] saves the ruler who reveres [her divinity] from the midst of combat and battle, (5) supreme [go]ddess, the one who resides in Baltil (Aššur), the great lady, [his] lady: (6) Sîn-šarra-iškun, great king,…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 17

(1) For (the goddess) Antu, lady of the go[ds, ...], the one who created everything there i[s, ...], who resides in the city Aššur, the grea[t] lady, [his lady]: (3b) [S]în-[šarra-iškun, king of Assyria]; son of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria; son of Esar[haddon, king of] Assyria; son of [Sennacherib, king of Assyria]; had a table made of musukkannu-wood, a durable wood, and clad (it) with shining eš[marû-metal], and (then) had (it) firmly placed before her (Antu) to set out pure meal(s) befitting [her] di[vinity] so that [her] great divin[ity] may constantly (and) unceasingly receive (meals)…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 18

(1) [For the goddess Šala], supreme [lad]y, wife of the god Adad — the majestic, the runner, the roaring one — [...] the great gods who determine the <fat>es of flood water, the one who creates everything, [who ...] grain and abundance, who supports life for the people, who keeps everything alive, [who exterminates] all of the wicked, who rips out all enemies, who marches at the side of the king — [he]r favorite — [...] might[y] victories, who inte[rce]des on (his) behalf, who speaks favorable thing(s) (about him), [who resides i]n Baltil (Aššur), the great lady, [his lady]: (7b)…

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 19

Preserves the titulary of Sîn-šarru-iškun — Assyria's penultimate king — attesting the full Sargonid divine-election formula invoked even as Nineveh stood fewer than a decade from its fall in 612 BCE.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 20

(1) Palace of Sîn-šarra-iškun.

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 2001

(1) [Belonging to Ana-Taš]mētu-taklāk, queen of [..., (...,) king of Assyria].

LawMythology
~620 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRINAP 5

Sîn-šarru-iškun 21

(1) Palace of Sîn-šarra-iškun, [great] king, [...], (who was) also king of Assyria.

LawMythology